exam 1: intro to pharm

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

how the body affects a drug

Question 2

pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

how a drug affects the body

Question 3

example of pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

drug metabolism - absorption, metabolism, and elimination

Question 4

oral drug administration

Answer 4

• cheap, easy to administer, convenient
• 1st pass metabolism, must be GI-compatible, potential for abuse

Question 5

parenteral drug administration

Answer 5

IV (very fast), intramuscular, subcutaneous

Question 6

transdermal drug administration

Answer 6

complex pharmacokinetics and inconsistent absorption

Question 7

inhalation drug administration

Answer 7

very rapid, may or may not remain local

Question 8

buccal/sublingual drug administration

Answer 8

faster than oral, but slower than IV or inhalation, does not require sterilization

Question 9

insulin absorption and metabolism may be affected by what

Answer 9

site on injection, modalities, exercise

Question 10

clearance of drugs from body is highly dependent on what

Answer 10

liver and kidney function

Question 11

factors affecting pharmacokinetics

Answer 11

• age: older adults and children metabolize drugs more slowly
• liver and kidney dysfunction
• enzyme-induction in liver
• presence of certain chemicals (ex- vitamin C)

Question 12

when is the therapeutic dose achieved

Answer 12

at 4-5 times the half life

Question 13

potency

Answer 13

the amount of a drug necessary to achieve a given response

Question 14

efficacy

Answer 14

the effectiveness of a drug in producing the desired response when given at its max dose

Question 15

is potency or efficacy better

Answer 15

efficacy

Question 16

will a more potent drug or efficacious drug reach its max response quicker

Answer 16

potent drug

Question 17

will a more potent or efficacious drug reach its max response slower

Answer 17

efficacious

Question 18

drug “dose” is determined by what

Answer 18

potency of the med

Question 19

a more potent drug will require a bigger or lesser dose?

Answer 19

lesser

Question 20

what is the therapeutic window

Answer 20

difference between the effective dose (ED50) and a dose that is lethal (LD50)

Question 21

do you want a small or large therapeutic window

Answer 21

large

Question 22

drugs with a narrow therapeutic window

Answer 22

digoxin, lithium salts, and phenobarbital

Question 23

which principle is very important for crossing the blood-brain barrier

Answer 23

lipophilic properties

Question 24

neurotransmitters and their receptors examples

Answer 24

acetylcholine R, serotonin R, dopamine R

Question 25

what are the 2 hormone receptors?

Answer 25

membrane and intracellular receptors

Question 26

membrane receptors examples

Answer 26

insulin R, alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 27

intracellular receptors examples

Answer 27

thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid receptors

Question 28

EPSP

Answer 28

- decreased K or Cl conductance - increased Na or Ca conductance

Question 29

IPSP

Answer 29

- increased K or Cl conductance - decreased Na or Ca conductance

Question 30

drug treatment for seizure disorders focuses on what

Answer 30

suppressing the excitability of cortical neurons that trigger the seizure

Question 31

in general, how do the drugs work that suppress seizures

Answer 31

work by enhancing the action fo GABA

Question 32

anti-epilepsy meds

Answer 32

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carboxylic acids, hydantoins, and iminostilbenes

Question 33

barbiturates examples and MOA

Answer 33

- phenobarbital, Solfoton - potentiate inhibitory effect of GABA/block excitatory effect of glutamate

Question 34

benzodiazepines examples and MOA

Answer 34

- diazepam, Valium - potentiate inhibitory effect of GABA

Question 35

carboxylic acids examples and MOA

Answer 35

- valporic acid, Depakene - alter K channels and/or increase GABA concentration

Question 36

hydantoins examples and MOA

Answer 36

- phenytoin, Dilantin - alter Na channels, may increase GABA and/or NE

Question 37

iminostilbenes examples and MOA

Answer 37

- carbamazepine, Tegretol - alter Na channels, may increase GABA and/or NE

Question 38

likelihood of an adverse reaction depends on what factors

Answer 38

genetics (polymorphism's), gender, age, health, etc

Question 39

severity and duration of side effects are directly related to what

Answer 39

half life of a drug

Question 40

side effects are compounded by what

Answer 40

by conditions that limit liver/kidney function such as aging, HF, liver disease, kidney failure, etc