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A&P2 Lecture > Exam 1 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

describe the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands and cells are located throughout the body and play an important role in homeostasis

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2
Q

which 2 systems control all physiological processes?

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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3
Q

describe the way the nervous and endocrine system work to deliver their messages

A

nervous system: exerts point-to-point control through nerves; nervous control is electrical by nature and FAST

endocrine system: broadcasts its hormonal messages to essentially all cells by secretion into blood and extracellular fluid; cells MUST BEAR A RECEPTOR for the hormone

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4
Q

define hormones

A

long distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph fluids

OR

chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluid to regulate a metabolic function

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5
Q

define autocrines and paracrines

A

autocrines: chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
paracrines: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

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6
Q

describe endocrine glands

A

ductless glands

what hormones are produced by

hormones enter blood stream or lymph fluid

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7
Q

what are the types of cellular changes that hormones can produce in target cells?

A

alter plasma membrane permeability by opening/closing ion channels

stimulate protein synthesis

activate or deactivate enzyme systems

induce secretory activity

stimulate mitosis

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8
Q

name the 2 types of hormones

A

amino acid based and steroid based hormones

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9
Q

describe amino acid based hormones

A

make up the majority of all hormones

includes amines, thyroxine (T3 & T4), peptide, water soluble, and protein hormones

second messengers: cAMP, DAG, IP3, Ca++

binds to receptor on plasma membrane

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10
Q

describe steroid based hormones

A

made from cholesterol

includes gonadal (testosterone and estrogen) and adrenocortical hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, & androgens)
*sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones)

bind to intracellular receptors

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11
Q

name the 2 mechanisms used by hormones to alter target cell activity

A

second messenger system

direct gene activation

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12
Q

describe the second messenger system

A

for water soluble/amino acid based hormones

cannot enter target cells alone

use G protein coupled receptors on plasma membrane of cell to transmit intracellular response (cAMP, DAG, IP3, Ca++)

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13
Q

describe direct gene activation

A

for lipid (fat) solube hormones (steroid and thyroid)

act directly on intracellular receptors which activates genes

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14
Q

phosphodiesterase

A

quickly degrades G protein cAMP

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15
Q

describe insulin

A

an amino acid based hormone, BUT it does not require a second messenger system

binds to receptor TYROSINE KINASE on plasma membrane

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16
Q

describe thyroxine & triiodothyronine

A

thyroid hormone; T4 AND T3

EXCEPTION TO THE AMINO ACID BASED HORMONE RULES

acts like a steroid hormone by diffusing easily into cell and binding to an intracellular receptor (taken to DNA for protein synthesis)

major metabolic hormone; increases the metabolic rate and body heat production by stimulating enzymes used in glucose metabolism

other roles: maintenance of blood pressure, regulation of tissue growth, development of skeletal and muscle systems, reproductive capabilities

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17
Q

describe the blood calcium figure 8

A

blood calcium increases, thyroid gland releases parafollicular cells (c cells), calcitonin is produced, osteoblasts are stimulated causing calcium to be deposited into bone from blood, result: decreased calcium in blood stream

blood calcium decreases, parathyroid glands release chief cells, parathyroid hormone (PTH) aka parathormone is produced, osteoclasts are stimulated causing bone to be broken down into calcium and deposited into the blood, result: increased calcium in blood stream

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18
Q

average blood calcium level

A

9-11 mg/dl

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19
Q

describe the blood glucose figure 8

A

blood glucose increases, pancreas releases beta cells (B cells), insulin is produced, attaches to RECEPTOR:TYROSINE KINASE & glucose enters cells (liver, muscle, fat), result: decreased glucose in blood stream

blood glucose decreases, pancreas releases alpha cells (fish cells), glucagon is produced, sent to liver to break down glycogen, result: increased glucose in blood stream

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20
Q

average blood glucose level

A

70-110 mg/dl

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21
Q

what kind of cells do hormones activate?

A

target cells

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22
Q

define target cells

A

must have specific receptors that the hormones can bind to

may be intracellular (steroid based) or located on the plasma membrane (amino acid/protein/peptide/water soluble based)

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23
Q

name the 3 factors that target cells depend on for activation

A

blood levels of the hormone

relative number of receptors on the target cell

the strength of those receptors for the hormone

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24
Q

define up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to hormone

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25
define down-regulation
target cells lose receptors in response to prolonged hormone exposure
26
hormones are controlled by
negative feedback
27
blood calcium and blood glucose levels are controlled by
humoral stimuli
28
the adrenal medulla and its production of epinephrin (adrenaline) and norepinephrin (noradrenaline) is controlled by
neural stimuli
29
the hypothalmus and pituitary are controlled by
hormonal stimuli
30
master switchboard
hypothalmus
31
hypopheseal portal system
blood vessels that run from the hypothalmus to the anterior pituitary how hormones from the hypothalmus reach the anterior pituitary
32
what are the hormones called that are sent through the hypopheseal portal system
releasing and inhibiting hormones
33
hypothalmic hypopheseal tract
aka infundibulum "stalk" aka nerve tract "funnel" how hormones from the hypothalmus are sent to the posterior pituitary to be stored and released
34
name all of the major endocrine glands
``` pituitary (hypophysis) thyroid gland parathyroid glands adrenal glands pancreas gonads pineal gland thymus ```
35
master gland
anterior pituitary
36
describe the posterior pituitary
aka neurohypophysis made of neural tissue and the infundibulum receives, stores, and releases 2 hormones from the hypothalmus
37
describe the anterior pituitary
aka adenohypophysis made up of glandular tissue manufactures and releases 7 hormones
38
name and describe the types of hormones manufactured and released by the anterior pituitary
tropic hormones: going to cause change in another endocrine gland; use NEGATIVE FEEDBACK to maintain homeostasis and decrease their release 1. FSH - follicule stimulating hormone (sperm/egg) 2. LH - luteinizing hormone (testosterone/estrogen & progesterone) * *^gonads^** 3. ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone 4. TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone direct hormones: go directly to cells/tissue; release is decreased by INHIBITING HORMONES **exception to negative feedback** 5. Growth hormone 6. Prolactin (produces milk) 7. MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone
39
describe growth hormone
also known as somatotropin stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce growth factors growth factors: amino acid absorption, protein synthesis, and increased growth release of GH increases the breakdown of glycogen and fats which are stored for fuel
40
describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of GH
hypersecretion: usually results from an anterior lobe tumor in children/before plates close: gigantism in adults/after plates close: acromegaly - enlarged extremities hyposecretion: in children: pituitary dwarfism (can be treated with GH injections, but could result in fluid retention, joint/muscle pain, diabetes, and possibly cancer) in adults: no major problems
41
describe prolactin
stimulates milk production stimulated by estrogen & PRH role in males not well understood
42
name the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary
OT - oxytocin ADH - antidiuretic hormone
43
describe oxytocin
``` uterine contractions milk "let down" sexual arousal/orgasm "cuddle hormone" promotes nurturing/affectionate behavior *regulated by POSITIVE FEEDBACK pitocin is artificial form ```
44
describe ADH
*H20 reabsorption* hypothalmic osmoreceptors respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood high solute conc/low water: ADH is synthesized and released, inhibiting urine formation (keeping water in) low solute conc/high water: ADH is not released, allowing water loss *vasopressin/vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels* targets renal tubules of kidneys; ADH causes these ducts to reabsorb more water during times of high solute levels
45
describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of ADH
hypersecretion: in children with meningitis; following neurosurgery, trauma, or secreted by cancer cells after general anesthesia: can lead to SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion) hyposecretion: can result in diabetes insipidus huge urine output; intense thirst
46
describe the process of the hormonal stimuli chart
the hypothalmus will either use the hypothalmic hypopheseal tract (to pp) or the hypopheseal portal system (to aa) option 1: OT or ADH will be released option 2: negative feedback for tropic hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) or releasing hormones for direct hormones (GH, prolactin, MSH) to be released hormones are released to find target gland target gland releases target hormone (from thyroid, adrenal cortex, or gonads) *negative feedback for tropic hormones/inhibiting hormones for direct hormones* hormones sent to target cells
47
name the inhibiting and releasing hormones and their anterior pituitary matches
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) >> FSH & LH CRH (corticatropin releasing hormone >> ACTH TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) >> TSH GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) & GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) >> GH PRH (prolactin releasing hormone) & PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone) >> PRL
48
describe the thyroid gland
located in the neck where it wraps around the trachea | produces thyroid hormone (t4 and t3)
49
describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of TH
hyperthyroidism: Grave's disease - autoimmune disease; overproduction of antibodies that resemble TSH - elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid/irregular heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, bulging eyes hypothyroidism: (in adults) Myxedema - lack of iodine; low metabolic rate, chilled, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, mental sluggishness (in kids) Cretinism - mental retardation, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck
50
describe the parathyroid glands
4-8 tiny glands located in the posterior thyroid chief cells produce parathyroid hormone *PTH is the most important hormone is calcium homeostasis*
51
describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of PTH
hyperparathyroidism: rare; due to a tumor bones soften and deform (osteitis fibrosa cystica) elevated blood calcium depress nervous system and contribute to the formation of kidney stones (calculi) hypoparathyroidism: following gland trauma or removal (or prolonged Mg deficiency) increases excitability of muscles; results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and possibly death
52
describe the adrenal glands
both adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and are composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla *the cortex is subdivided into additional zones
53
name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex & their hormones * Guys Fight Regularly* * AL, CORey, & ANDRew*
zona glomerulosa - ALdosterone zona fasciculata - CORtisol zona reticularis - ANDRogens
54
describe aldosterone
produced by the zona glomerulosa MINERALcorticoid reabsorption/water retention in kidneys, Na+ resorption & K+ secretion, increase blood pressure, increase blood volume
55
mineralcorticoid
regulate electrolytes (usually Na+ and K+) effect volume of blood and ECF
56
describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of aldosterone
hypersecretion: aldosteronism due to adrenal tumors hypertension and edema due to excessive amounts of Na+ excretion of K+ leads to abnormal function of neurons and muscles, possibly coma & death hyposecretion: *usually along with hyposecretion of glucocorticoids* Addisons's disease - weight loss, glucose & Na+ levels drop, K+ levels rise dehydration and hypotension treated with corticosteroid replacement therapy
57
describe cortisol
*primary hormone during long term stress* produced by the zona fasciculata in response to ACTH, patterns of eating/activity, stress GLUCOcorticoid increases blood glucose, decreases inflammation, weakens immune system (the more stress you're under, the more cortisol is produced, the more your immune system is weakened)
58
glucocorticoids
keep blood glucose levels relatively constant maintain blood pressure major group released especially during long term stress
59
describe the effects of hypertension and hypotension of glucocorticoids
hypersecretion: Cushing's Syndrome - depressing cartilage and bone formation anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects promotes changes in cardiovascular, neural, and GI function loss in muscle and bone protein, water and salt retention leading to higher BP and edema (swelling) hyposecretion: Addison's Disease (along with deficit of mineralcorticoids)
60
describe androgens
produced by the zona reticularis GONADocorticoid male sex hormones, testosterone onset to puberty appearance of secondary sex characteristics can be converted into estrogen for females, only source of testosterone in females
61
gonadocorticoids
most are androgens converted into testosterone or estrogen released from the gonads during puberty
62
describe the effects of hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids
adrenogenital syndrome (masculinization) males: rapid maturation of the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics in young males; generally not visible females: hair growth in areas associated with males; clitoris can elongate to resemble a small penis
63
describe the adrenal medulla
made up of chromaffin cells that seceret 80% epinephrin & 20% norepinephrin production stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to short term stress increased bp & heart rate, blood diversion from digestive system to brain, heart, skeletal muscle, etc. prep for fight or flight
64
describe the pancreas
(excocrine function) acinar cells secrete a digestive enzyme that travels to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct (endocrine function) secretion of insulin and glucagon; these regulate the rate of glucose metabolism in the body
65
name the hormones secreted by the pancreas
glucagon and insulin
66
describe glucagon
hyperglycemic agent - raises blood glucose levels its major target is the liver where it promotes: release of glucose into the blood from liver cells ***works in opposition to insulin*** glycogenolysis: the breakdown of glycogen into glucose gluconeogenesis: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates controlled by negative feedback
67
describe insulin
hypoglycemic agent: lowers blood glucose levels effects: enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis controlled by negative feedback
68
describe the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of insulin
hyperinsulinism: hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness hyposecretion: results in diabetes mellitus 1. polyuria - huge urine output; excess glucose by osmosis pulls water out 2. polydipsia - excessive thirst 3. polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption - hyperglycemia; results in glycosuria: output of glucose in urine - lack of glucose means tissues must use fatty acids for energy; results in high level of fatty acids and their metabolites (aka ketone bodies) i n the blood - rapid collection of ketone bodies can lead to ketoacidosus: kidney damage/failure, coma, and death
69
what are the types of diabetes mellitus?
Type 1: insulin dependent early onset, total lack of insulin production long term vascular & neural problems such as high cholesterol, risk of vascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, stroke, heart attack, blindness Type 2: non-insulin dependent late onset, inadequate amounts of insulin or resistant insulin receptors 90% characterized by overweight
70
describe the female gonads
paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity estrogen: maturation of reproductive organs appearance of secondary sexual characteristics thickening of the uterus in preparation for pregnancy progesterone (& estrogen): breast development menstrual cycle
71
describe the male gonads
testes located in extra-abominal sac (scotum) testosterone: initiates maturation of reproductive organs appearance of secondary sexual characteristics necessary for sperm production maintains reproductive organs in their functional state
72
describe the pineal gland
small gland hanging from the roof of the 3rd ventricle in the brain produces melatonin: involved in timing of sexual maturation and puberty day/night sleep/wake cycle involved in psychological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temp, sleep, appetite)
73
describe the thymus
located deep in the sternum large in children, but shrinks with age produces thymopoietins and thymosins: essential for the development of lymphocytes (T cells) in the immune system

A&P2 Lecture (4 decks)

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