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CFT II > Exam 1 - Interrelation of Behavioral & Medical Problems > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Interrelation of Behavioral & Medical Problems Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F: all medical problems will have some effect on animal behavior

A

true

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2
Q

non-specific anxiety in dogs has been linked to what medical issue?

A

heart base tumors

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3
Q

why have we seen recent reports of splenic tumors associated with anxiety in companion animals?

A

anxiety not responsive to fluoxetine

abundance of sequestered immune cells (WBCs) in the spleen relays a message to the brain leading to behavior changes

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4
Q

‘________ ___________’ secondary to allergies in dogs is common

A

phantom licking

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5
Q

T/F: all behavior problems have some effect on the animal’s biology

A

true

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6
Q

how does stress in an animal affect its biology?

A

stress increases cortisol & alters WBC distribution in the body

WBC go to the spleen which sends a message to the brain

circulation of ‘killer cells’ increases

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7
Q

how do drugs alter an animals biology in regards to behavior?

A

can cause ataxia, seizures, depression, sound/light hypersensitivity, & vomiting

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8
Q

how does depression alter an animals biology in regards to behavior?

A

look at dexamethasone tests & thyroid levels

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9
Q

what are signs of pain related to behavior in dogs & cats?

A

difficulty jumping, withdrawn/hiding, absence of grooming, playing less, general activity decrease, general mood, temperament changes, avoiding bright areas, etc

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10
Q

what are some characteristics seen in animals with behavioral problems that suggest a medical etiology?

A

very young or senior animal

abrupt onset or change in character

pre-existing medical conditions

breed predispositions

inconsistent or unidentifiable triggers

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11
Q

what should be included in the work up of behavioral & medical patients?

A

signalment, history, physical exam, direct observation of behavior, problem list, differential diagnosis, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, treatment plan, & reevaluating poor treatment responses

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12
Q

what are the presenting signs of an animal with house soiling (urine) problems that interrelate with behavioral/medical issues?

A

dog or cat that is urinating around the house

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13
Q

what are the general characteristics of a cat with idiopathic cystitis?

A

hypervigilance/hypersensitivity, stress increases sympathetic activation (increased ACTH & reduced glucocorticoids) which results in pain, increased stress, & increased pain

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14
Q

what are some systemic characteristics of a cat with idiopathic cystitis?

A

pollakiuria, stranguria, pain, & irritated bladder wall

variable to extensive inappropriate urination that waxes & wanes over time

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15
Q

what is polyuria?

A

production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine

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16
Q

what is oliguria?

A

the production of abnormally small amounts of urine

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17
Q

what is pollakiuria?

A

increased frequency of urination

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18
Q

what are some medical differentials for a dog or cat that is house soiling (urine)?

A

urinary calculi

bacterial infection

idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats

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19
Q

what are some skin & gi signs of idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats?

A

skin - barbering of the abdomen because upper motor neurons of the pelvic cavity synapse in same areas as neurons of the abdominal skin

gi - vomiting, diarrhea, & constipation

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20
Q

what are some behavioral differentials for a dog or cat that is house soiling (urine)?

A

marking behavior, improper house training, poor litter box management, & poor access to acceptable areas

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21
Q

what is the treatment for idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats?

A

lower their environmental stress

buprenorphine to control pain

+/- antianxiety medication

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22
Q

what are some medical differentials for a dog or cat that is house soiling (urine)?

A

bladder irritation - UTI, calculi, idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats

kidney disease

polydipsia

incontinence

neurologic disease

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23
Q

what is the typical presenting signs of a dog or cat that is house soiling feces?

A

dog defecating inside the house & cat defecating outside of the litter box

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24
Q

what are some behavioral differentials for a dog or cat that is house soiling (feces)?

A

improper house training

poor litter box management

separation anxiety

poor access to acceptable areas

painful defecation - especially cats

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25
what are some medical differentials for a dog or cat that is house soiling (feces)?
parasites IBD/colitis neoplasia megacolon metabolic/endocrine disease drugs neurologic disease
26
what are the presenting medical signs of an animal with a portosystemic shunt?
seizures, poor growth, apparent blindness
27
what are the presenting behavioral signs of an animal with a portosystemic shunt?
poor learning ability, aggression, stereotypies, & lethargic or hyper behavior
28
what are some differentials for a portosystemic shunt?
liver disease, distemper, hypoglycemia, toxicities, epilepsy, & hydrocephalus
29
what dogs are commonly affected by portosystemic shunts?
small breed dogs usually less than 10 lbs
30
what large breed dogs has hydrocephalus been reported in?
st. bernards, rottweilers, & bull terriers
31
T/F: presenting signs of hydrocephalus depends on the areas of the brain that are affected
true
32
what dogs are commonly predisposed to hydrocephalus?
small breed dogs
33
what are the presenting behavioral signs of an animal with hydrocephalus?
stereotypies including circling aggression poor learning ability hyper behavior lethargy
34
what are the presenting medical signs of an animal with hydrocephalus?
seizures!!!!
35
what are some differentials for hydrocephalus?
congenital hydrocephalus - portosystemic shunt secondary obstructive hydrocephalus - neoplasia, trauma, inflammatory CNS disease, & other seizure disorders
36
what are the presenting behavioral signs of an animal with hypothyroidism?
aggression, hyper behavior, lethargy, & senility
37
what are the presenting medical signs of an animal with hypothyroidism?
bilateral hair loss, non-pruritic alopecia, hyperpigmentation, & poor muscle tone
38
what are some drugs that may lower thyroid levels causing a misinterpretation of test results? what else may cause a secondarily lower level?
anti-seizure drugs, furosemide, glucocorticoids, & sulfonamides illness
39
what are some drugs that may elevate thyroid levels causing a misinterpretation of test results? what else may cause a secondarily higher level?
estrogen & progesterone normal fluctuations, recovery from an illness, diestrus, & auto-antibodies
40
what are some differentials for hypothyroidism?
iatrogenic hypothyroidism - post hyperthyroid treatment in cats misinterpretation of test results different types of aggression
41
what are the presenting medical signs of an animal with seizures?
generalized seizures focal seizures - 'chewing gum' fits
42
what are the presenting behavioral signs of an animal with seizures?
aggression - Dr. Jeckell Mr. Hyde personality stereotypy including circling star gazing air snapping restlessness
43
what are some behavioral differentials for seizures? what are some medical differentials for seizures?
behavioral - different types of aggression, stress, & learned behavior medical - idiopathic, toxicities, hydrocephalus, & portosystemic shunts
44
what are the presenting signs of an animal with excessive licking?
history of licking an inanimate object excessively
45
what are some behavioral differentials for excessive licking? what are some medical differentials for excessive licking?
behavioral - spilled food/liquid, stereotypy or OCD, separation anxiety, & stress medical - gi issues & allergies
46
what may trigger feline hyperesthesia syndrome?
tactile stimulation
47
what medical & behavioral signs are seen in self-directed aggression?
medical - focal like seizure activity behavioral - unexplained running, screaming, tail chasing, aggression, & rippling skin (rolling skin syndrome)
48
what special studies have been done for feline hyperesthesia syndrome?
spontaneous EMG activity in TL epaxial muscles vacuoles in biopsied muscles similar to inclusion body myositis/myopathy in humans
49
how is feline hyperesthesia syndrome treated?
fluoxetine & pain medications
50
what are the presenting signs of an animal with floating limb syndrome?
attacks are directed towards a hind limb, often mild pre-attack signs, & may or may not be able to disrupt the animal
51
what are some differentials for floating limb syndrome?
seizures, encephalitis, myositis/myopathy, idiopathic, & associated with self-biting in primates
52
how is floating limb syndrome treated?
treatments are empirical based on whether they help or not seizure meds, fluoxetine, & pain meds
53
what are the presenting signs of an animal with self-biting behavior?
physical damage done to the rear parts of the body
54
what are some differentials for self-biting behavior?
cauda equina syndrome, dermatitis, neuropathy, seizures, myositis/myopathy, & idiopathic
55
how is self-biting behavior treated?
wound care - antibiotics +/- pain meds fluoxetine gabapentin
56
what is cognitive dysfunction?
age-related or senior onset behavior changes that are not attributable to another general medical condition
57
what are the main presenting signs of cognitive dysfunction in companion animals?
disorientation - 49% of dogs & 22% of cats loss of house training - 27% of affected cats abnormal sleep/wake cycles - 57% of affected dogs decreased greetings/responsiveness to family members - 51% of affected dogs increased vocalizations - 61% of affected cats & most of them do this at night generalized/separation anxiety reduced sensory ability - excessive sniffing
58
what is the relationship to animal age in regards to cognitive dysfunction?
dog age with at least 1 impairment - 11-12 = 28% 14 = 48% 16 = 68% cats with at least 1 impairment - 7-11 = 36% 12-15 = 60% 16-19 = 88%
59
what are some neuropathological changes seen in animals with cognitive dysfunction?
increased production of free radicals & decreased clearance beta amyloid plaques with the amount of oxidative damage correlating with severity of clinical signs ventricular dilation, reduced cerebral perfusion
60
what are some neurotransmitter changes seen in animals with cognitive dysfunction?
decrease in ACh which affects motor impulses to skeletal muscle decreased serotonin - reduces appetite, sleep, memory, & affects mood/social behavior increase in monoamine oxidase-b levels which decreases dopamine & reduces cognition
61
where should you start with treatments for a patient with cognitive dysfunction?
rule out & treat medical conditions (ortho problems very common in cats, deafness, vision problems) rule out & treat behavioral problems with similar presentations
62
how is environmental enrichment used to treat cognitive dysfunction?
stimulate mental activity night light, white noise at night, exercise during the day, & schedule physical/social activities
63
how is dietary management & supplements used to treat cognitive dysfunction?
supplements - melatonin, nutriceuticals, & senilife dietary - antioxidants (hills b/d, vitamins C, E, B6, beta carotine, selenium, flavonoids, & carotenoids) medium chain fatty acids - purina bright mind or purina neuro care
64
what pharmacologic therapies are used to treat cognitive dysfunction?
selegiline - carries significant concern when using with other drugs SAME-e

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