exam 1 intro evolution and evolution mechanisms

Question 1

whats happened in the last 50 years

Answer 1

change composition of athmosphere
dumped chemicals
loss of natural resources
current going through 6th mass extinction

Question 2

Charwin study based on what

Answer 2

bases on pigeons that looked similar but not the same

Question 3

what happened to the fintches of birds bases on dif habbitads

Answer 3

they were different based on where they lived

Question 4

fundamental theory of natural selection

Answer 4

Evolution Through natural selection

Question 4

Darwin postulates

Answer 4

Individuals vary
2. Variation is heritable
3. Some individuals are more
successful at survival &
reproduction
4. Survival and reproduction are
not random

Question 5

Evolution vs natural selection

Answer 5

Evolution is the outcome oever time

natural selection is the mechanism that drive evolution

NS Acts on Individuals, Populations Evolve

Populations evolve when individuals with different
genotypes survive or reproduce at different rates.

Question 6

adaptation

Answer 6

trait that makes you better suited for an enviroment

Question 7

ACLAMATE

Answer 7

adjust that can change within life time

Question 8

what must happen for evolution

Answer 8

Genetic Variation

Question 9

sources of Genetic Variation

Answer 9

Mutation
sexual reproduction
Random assorment
Genetic combination

Question 10

why did thinsg evolve and change so quick

Answer 10

Due to sexual reproduction

increased rate of reproduction

Question 11

evolutionary trades off

Answer 11

because organisms have limited resources and cannot simultaneously optimize all traits

Question 11

evolutionary constrains

Answer 11

you specialice in 1 trait. either too big ans strong or small and nerdy

Question 12

why is genetic variation important for evolution

Answer 12

it provides the raw material for natural selection, allowing species to adapt to changing environments.

Question 13

define evolution

Answer 13

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Question 13

whats evolution

Answer 13

any change in allelic frequency

Question 13

evolutionary trades off

Answer 13

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Question 14

whats a population

Answer 14

ndividuals of a single species
living in an area. Sharing allele pool

Question 14

Mechanisms of evolution

Answer 14

1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Genetic Drift
4. Non-random Mating
5. Natural Selection STRONGEST

Question 15

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 15

If a gene is in HW equilibrium in a population,
no evolution taking place on that gene

Question 15

formula for HW equilibrium

Answer 15

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 15

Hardy Weinghber Equilibrium assumption

Answer 15

The Hardy-Weinberg principle provides a model for understanding when a population is not evolving. It relies on five key assumptions: no mutations, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection. If any of these assumptions are not met, the population may evolve, meaning the allele frequencies will change.

Question 15

Mechanisms of evolution
Mutation

Answer 15

very small changes in frequency (but important to
selection over the long term

Question 15

Mechanisms of evolution
Migration

Answer 15

introduces new
alleles/genotypes
from another
population

Question 15

Mechanisms of evolution Genetic Drift

Answer 15

Changes in allele frequency DUE TO RANDOM EVENTS survival not dependent on fitness. MORE PRONOUNCED ON SMALL POPULATION FITNESS DONT MATTER

Question 16

DRIFT through bottle neck DRIFT

Answer 16

kill all animals and even if we leave 2 they still gonna reproduce and grow. Lost lots of diversity → possible increase in birth defects

Question 16

Founder effect DRIFT

Answer 16

When Few individuals starts a new population somewhere else. genetic drift that starts a population

Question 16

WHats DRIFT

Answer 16

RAndome changes in allelic frequency

Question 16

MECHANISMS of evolution no random mating

Question 16

what happens if the value is within HWE

Answer 16

the allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation. This means that evolution is not occurring at that particular locus. If the population meets all the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle (large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection), it will remain in equilibrium.

Question 16

inbreeding

Answer 16

Have recesive deleterious allele that if you mate with the same breed you might have a harmfull mutation.

Question 16

whats sexual selection

Answer 16

Females select who they want to mate with and are selective

Question 17

What are HONEST SIGNALS in sexual reproduction

Answer 17

the allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation. This means that evolution is not occurring at that particular locus. If the population meets all the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle (large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection), it will remain in equilibrium. What the female wants male to doo like have a lot of muscle

Question 18

dishonest sexual signals

Answer 18

refers to situations where individuals provide misleading signals to increase their reproductive success, potentially at the expense of other individuals. This can involve exaggerating traits, providing false signals about mate quality, or deceiving others to gain access to resources. While honest signaling, where signals accurately reflect an individual's quality, is also important in sexual selection, dishonest signaling can be a strategy for individuals to gain an advantage Exaggerating traits: Males might exaggerate their size or color to attract females. False signals of mate quality: Males might pretend to be in good health or have good resources to entice females. Deceiving others: Females might deceive males about their reproductive readiness to gain resources or manipulate their behavior

Question 18

SEXUAL CONFLICT

Answer 18

Exaggerating traits: Males might exaggerate their size or color to attract females. False signals of mate quality: Males might pretend to be in good health or have good resources to entice females. Deceiving others: Females might deceive males about their reproductive readiness to gain resources or manipulate their behavior Females invest more time with the kid while males work of hunt for food.

Question 19

whats Fitness

Answer 19

how good an individual is at passing genes to offspring

Question 19

Relative fitness

Answer 19

how reproductive succesfull you are

Question 20

calculate relative fitness

Answer 20

* CRCR=red 67% chance of survival to adulthood * CBCR=brown 93% chance of survival to adulthood * CBCB=black 11% chance of survival to adulthood .67/93=.72 .11/93=.12

Question 21

Mode of selection

Answer 21

Mode of selection describes the mechanism of selection. Specifies what part of the population is favored, and which traits are selected for

Question 21

DIRECTIONAL selection

Answer 21

over time, the favored extreme becomes more common and the other extreme becomes less common (or is lost) oyster shell thickness

Question 22

stablizing selection

Answer 22

over time, intermediate states become more common and extreme variation becomes less common (or is lost)

Question 22

distruptive selection

Answer 22

over time the two extreme variations become more common and the intermediate states become less common (or are lost)