Exam 1: Introduction Flashcards
What is anesthesia
Lack of feeling/sensation.
Artificially induced loss of ability to feel pain.
What is general anesthesia
Drug-induced loss of consciousness
Patients are not arousable even to painful stimulation with this type of anesthetic
General anesthesia
What is regional anesthesia
Insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conduction of a particular region of the body.
List the different types of Regional blocks
Peripheral
Spinal
Epidural
How do spinal and epidural blocks differ
Spinal is within the intrathecal space, giving medication where the CSF is.
Epidural is not in the CSF, it is outside the Dura in a potential space
How does regional anesthesia effect the ventilation and level of consciousness
Level of consciousness is unchanged (unless sedatives are used) and ventilators/airway protection maintained
Who wrote Materia Medica
Dioscorides (a general in Nero’s army)
Describe the Mandragora aka mandrake
Hallucinogen, human shaped, magical properties
Who invented IV access and what did they use?
Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle. They used a goose quill to access a dogs vein.
What is the reversal for soporifics
Vinegar. Vinegar is similar to modern day smelling salts.
Diethyl ether “ignite” in Greek was utilized by
Valerius Cordus German botanist.
Ingredients of diethyl ether
Sulfuric acid and ethyl alcohol
Why was diethyl ether used recreationally
It was used recreationally due to whiskey tax of the time.
Who discovered oxygen and nitrous oxide as well as photosynthesis
Joseph Priestly an English chemist
Who suggested NO for surgical pain control
Humphry Davy
Who noticed pt under N2O had no recall of pain/injury
Horace Wells
What is Humphry Davy know to have discovered
Elements such as potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium
Horace Wells arranged a demonstration of nitrous oxide administration for an amputation. Why was this demonstration unsuccessful
He wanted to show that nitrous oxide was useful for general anesthesia. The observers did not believe it was effective due to the patient being able to move and be aware of events.
What was nitrous originally given with and how did this alter its effects
Nitrous was given with air up until about 1868. It is believed that some of the general anesthetic effect was related to hypoxia
What is Andrews know for
Andrews, a Chicago surgeon, was the first to mix nitrous with oxygen. This led to anesthesia without cyanosis
Hewitt is know for what
Hewitt is know for making the first anesthesia machine with nitrous/oxygen
Crawford Long is known for what
Delivering ether for a patient with 2 vascular neck tumors.
What was the limitation of Crawford Long’s procedure
He used whiskey as well. Difficult to determine if whiskey or ether provides anesthetic effect
