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Behavioural Pharmacology (ADCS 3140) > Exam 1 (Introduction, Neurobiology of Drug Effects, Neurobiology of Addiction) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Introduction, Neurobiology of Drug Effects, Neurobiology of Addiction) Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is an example of a non-psychoactive drug?

A

Over the counter medications (i.e., birth control, ibuprofen, aspirin)

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2
Q

What is involved in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Activation and arousal

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3
Q

The immediate effect of a neurotransmitter being received at it’s receptor site is:

A

Change in permeability of the ion channels

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4
Q

Who has the highest Cannabis use rate worldwide

A

Canada (North America)

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5
Q

Explain the role of the liver in drug metabolism

A

To produce enzymes making drugs more lipid soluble and more excretable

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6
Q

What does the myelin sheath do

A

Covers the axon

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7
Q

Explain the 3 levels of Substance Use Disorder in the DSM-5

A

Mild, Moderate, Severe

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8
Q

What is the difference between the DSM and the DSM-5

A

DSM: Substance Abuse Disorder

DSM 5: Substance Use Disorder

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9
Q

Define a drug

A

Recurrent use of any drug that causes significant harm

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10
Q

Describe the contributing factors to developing a drug addiction

A
  1. Genetic propensity
  2. Environmental factors
  3. Rewarding properties
  4. Recurrent use of the drug
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11
Q

Why are drugs like nicotine and cocaine taken through nose and mouth membranes instead of orally?

A

Basic drugs accept H+ in the stomach and become ionized making them less lipid soluble and less absorbable

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12
Q

Name all the ways you can administer a drug

A
  1. Injection (Intravenous, Intramuscular, subcutaneous)
  2. Nose and Mouth membranes
  3. Lungs
  4. Suppositories
  5. Patch (Fentanyl patch)
  6. Orally
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13
Q

How do Vitamins and Minerals get absorbed into the body?

A

Via Active Transport

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14
Q

How heritable is addiction?

A

~50%

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15
Q

True or False: Can direct inheritance and indirect inheritance contribute to the risk of developing addiction?

A

True

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16
Q

Nicotines half-life is 1.5.How long would it take for that drug to fully be excreted?

A

3 hours
(Multiply end of the half-life by 2)

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17
Q

Developing a tolerance to alcohol means you developed a tolerance for:

A

Benzodiazepines

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18
Q

Lithium can imitate which chemical?

A

K+ (Potassium)

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19
Q

Which part of the brain do animals not share with humans?

A

Cerebellum

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20
Q

How do placebos work?

A
  • Positive feelings enhance immune system and promote endorphin release
  • Both clinicians and patients are oversensitive to the positive signs
  • Natural recovery
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21
Q

Which drugs will animals not voluntarily consume?

A

Psychedelics, Cannabis, Caffeine

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22
Q

When will animals actively work to obtain a drug?

A

In captivity

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23
Q

Name an 3 examples of an animal using a drug

A

Elephants and alcohol

Donkeys grazing on tobacco

Cats and catnip

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24
Q

Name items with the lowest pH and the highest pH

A

Lowest pH: Lemon Juice

Highest pH: Household bleach

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25
Q

What is the role of the blood brain barrier?

A

To block the entrance of foreign substances

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26
Q

Why is the fetal nervous system easily damaged when the mother uses drugs?

A

They have an underdeveloped nervous system and slower drug excretion

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27
Q

What is the difference between Opioids and Opiates

A

Only 3 opiates - Codeine, Morphine, and Thebine

Opioids are synthetically made (i.e., heroin, fentanyl)

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28
Q

Which region has the highest opioid use?

A

North America

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29
Q

Where has the highest opiate use?

A

Russia

30
Q

Neurotransmitters are to the brain as ______ are to the body

A

hormones

31
Q

True or False: The environment you are in when you take a drug plays a huge role in drug overdose cases.

A

True

32
Q

List the 4 most common psychoactive drugs used worldwide:

A
  1. Caffeine
  2. Alcohol
  3. Tobacco
  4. Cannabis
33
Q

What is the difference between and agonist and an antagonist?

A

Antagonist: Inhibitory

Agonist: Excitatory

34
Q

True or False: Men use antidepressants more than women.

A

False

35
Q

True or False: The Caudate Nucleus is part of the reward system of the brain.

A

False

36
Q

What are the components of the reward system of the brain?

A
  • Reward Pathway
  • Nucleus Accumbens
  • Ventral Tegmental Area
37
Q

When would you use a suppository on a patient?

A

When a pill is unable to be taken orally

38
Q

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?:

A. Testosterone
B. Estrogen
C. Salicylic Acid
D. Methylphenidate
E. Epinephrine

A

E: Epinephrine

39
Q

What is an example of a good placebo?

A

An expensive, bad tasting, red pill

40
Q

True or False: ‘White Matter’ in the brain is composed of axons.

A

True

41
Q

How would gases such as nitrous oxide enter the body?

A

Very small

42
Q

Name the 3 ways drugs are transported into the body:

A
  1. Very small
  2. Lipid-soluble
  3. Active transport
43
Q

Alcoholism is report in which histories?

A

Greek, Roman, Indian, Japanese, and Chinese

44
Q

What ages is drug use the most prevalent and why?

A

15-25
Because of curiosity and experimentation

45
Q

What age group is some of the heaviest drug users?

A

18-25

46
Q

List the correlates of drug use

A
  1. Race/ Ethnicity
  2. Socioeconomic class
  3. Personality
  4. Gender
  5. Psychopathology
47
Q

What are the exceptions to ‘Placebos’

A

Opium, Alcohol, Cannabis, Willowbark

48
Q

There was a ____ in psychotropic drug use in the past 20 years

A

Increase

49
Q

What are the composites of a neuron

A

Cell body, Dendrites, axons, and terminal endings

50
Q

Explain how neurons communicate with each other

A

The neurons communicate through electrochemical transmission

51
Q

What are the 4 main ions?

A
  1. A-
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. Na+
52
Q

What is it called when the axon emerges from the cell body?

A

Axon Hillock

53
Q

When the neurotransmitter is released, it is either taken back up into the synaptic knob by ___ or ___

A
  • Reuptake
  • Deactivated
54
Q

Name 3 ways psychoactive drugs alter the synaptic transmission

A
  1. Storage of neurotransmitters
  2. Activation of receptor
  3. Receptor binding
55
Q

What is the equation for the Therapeutic Index

A

(TI) = TD50/ ED50

56
Q

Explain the computer analogy in correlation to the brain

A

Mind: Software
Brain: Hardware

Without the hardware the software is useless. The hardware can still function without the software by turning on an off, but the software has no use unless it is connected to the hardware.

57
Q

Name the pieces of evidence in the mind-brain relationship

A
  • Stimulating electrodes
  • Neuroimaging techniques
58
Q

Hormones are part of the ___.

A

Endocrine system

59
Q

Where can drugs be excreted?

A

Sweat, urine, feces, milk, lungs, and saliva

60
Q

When the blood goes directly to the liver, it is called what?

A

First pass metabolism

61
Q

What do the drugs do when they are still lipid soluble after being metabolized by the liver?

A

They continue to go back into and out the live until they become lipid insoluble (ionized) and are then excreted.

62
Q

When are drugs excreted through feces?

A

When the drug is un-ionized and can’t be reabsorbed into the liver.

63
Q

What are the filtration units in the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

64
Q

Drugs that are acids tend to stay ____

A

Un-ionized, lipid-soluble, and reabsorbable

65
Q

Manipulating the urine pH is useful when ____

A

Wanting to prolong the effect or in overdose cases

66
Q

There is a rough correlation between tolerance and dependence. What are their differences?

A

Tolerance - Higher doses achieve the same effect

Dependence - When the drug is needed to avoid withdrawal

67
Q

What is an example of cross dependence?

A

If you are an alcoholic and you substitute benzodiazepines to avoid withdrawal symptoms

68
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Sensitization is a reverse tolerance, so when some people use for the first time, they have an extremely bad effect to the drug, but it gets better over time

69
Q

What does increased liver enzyme action do?

A

Produces enzymes to deactivate the drug

70
Q

When does withdrawal occur?

A

Withdrawal occurs when the opposing processes are still present, so the body begins to metabolize and ‘take the drug’ before it has been administered

71
Q

When someone overdoses in an unusual environment for them to use, this is called what?

A

Classical conditioning

Behavioural Pharmacology (ADCS 3140) (5 decks)

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