exam 1 learning objectvies Flashcards
what is the relationship between electron transport, mitochondrial membrane potential, and proton conductance?
as membrane potential decreases:
- proton conductance increases
- ETC increases flow into the cell
what is the relationship between membrane potential, ATP production, ROS production, and mitochondrial calcium cycling
as membrane potential increases:
- ROS production increases
- ca2+ cycling increases
-O2 consumption decreases
describe mitochondrial electron transport and ATP production
- Mitochondrial ETC uses redox reactions to drive H+ out of the cell to create an electron gradient
- ATP is produced by reversing the ETC and pulling H+ into the cell to convert ADP into ATP
what is the mitochondrial theory of aging
somatic mutations of mtDNA cause a progressive energy decline leading to death - longer they live, more damage they have, causing death
why do most antioxidants to improve longevity in animals fail?
they can’t get through the mitochondrial membrane or can’t get to the exact location they need to get to in order to be functional
what are symptoms of PTSD
increased NF-L in CSF, emotional numbing, hyper-arousal (irritability), re-experiencing trauma, shrinkage in HPC
what neuronal brain systems are believed to be involved with PTSD
-autonomic activations of norepinephrine (locus coeruleus) and epinephrine release (fight or flight)
- amygdala activation ( hippocampus)
- HPA - crf release by hypothalamus, pituitary releases ACTH, increased cortisol
what are some possible links between TBI and PTSD
TBI in severe cases can cause PTSD and both impact stress hormones and can cause elevated HR in post-trauma phase - both have very similar symptoms
why is the military and the world worried about PTSD and why it should be treated
high percentages of veterans are diagnosed and those in whole who are diagnosed are 15 fold higher rate of suicide
how does PTSD parallel aspects of neurodegenerative disorders
shrinkage in HPC
what is the ratio of neuronal:non-neuronal cells in whole brain? cerebral cortex? rest of brain? cerebellum?
Non:Neuronal
whole brain - 1:1
cerebral cortex - 4:1
rest of brain - 11:1
cerebellum - 0.23:1
what is the role of CSF and how does it flow through the CNS
- supports, nourishes, structure, protects
- lateral ventricles to 3rd (intervertebral foramen) to 4th (cerberal aqueduct)
what are the layers of the brain
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
what is the difference between primary and association areas of the cortex
primary cortices are specific gyri dedicated to processing of the signal, association cortices are focused on defining the signal and applying it to create an association with what were experiencing.
what is the blood-brain barrier structure and function
capillaries in the brain have tight junctions, pump lipid-soluble substances out, and have carrier-mediated transport to hinder any unwanted toxins from getting into the brain
function of spinal cord
receives information from body and sends to muscles, mostly white matter, easily damaged
function of basal ganglia
facilitates movement and rich in neurotransmitters (reward pathways)
function of cerebellum
coordinates motor activity, easily influenced by drugs,
function of brainstem
necessity for living, keeps brain awake,
function of thalamus and hypothalamus
“relay station” for cortex, process and filter information, controls endocrine system, motor sensory visual and learning processing
how are the cells in the cerebral cortex layered? which cells are in which layers
neocortex is divided into 6 layers (1-6)
- pyramidal cells are in layers 3 and 5
- granule cells are in layers 2 and 4
what artery supplies the midlevel subcortical areas?
deep branches of the MCA
what artery supplies the lateral sides of the cerebral cortex
MCA
what is the circle of willis
an example of collateral circulation as a safety mechanisms for blood flow to continue in an alternate route if an artery’s supply is hindered
