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OH IV > Exam 1: Lecture 5: Water, Land, and air > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 5: Water, Land, and air Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Approx. how much water on the Earth is available as fresh, accessible, liquid water?

A

1%

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2
Q

T/F: on a global basis there is enough freshwater for all.

A

True

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3
Q

What percentage of the global liquid freshwater and population is in Canada?

A

20%; 0.5%

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4
Q

What percentage of the global liquid freshwater and population is in China?

A

7%;20%

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5
Q

What is water withdrawl?

A

70% of the water withdrawn from surface and ground water sources is not returned to these sources

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6
Q

Across the globe, ______ is the biggest user of water

A

Irrigation

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7
Q

How much of the worlds food is produced with irrigation?

A

40%

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8
Q

What is water mining?

A

The unsustainable withdrawal of water from aquifers in such quantities that it cannot be naturally recharged by precipitation and infiltration

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9
Q

What is consumptive use of water?

A

Does not return the water to its original source

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10
Q

What is non-consumptive water use?

A

Does not remove or only temporarily removes water from the original source and then returns it

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11
Q

Which animal costs the most in water?

A

Cattle

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12
Q

What are some impacts of livestock production on water quality?

A
  • Nutrient loading of nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Biological contamination
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13
Q

What are some examples of nutrient loading of nitrogen and phosphorus on water quality?

A

Biological Oxygen demand, BOD
Eutrophication of aquatic systems

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14
Q

What are some examples of biological contamination impacts of livestock production on water quality?

A
  • Water-borne bacteria, viruses, and parasites
  • Drug residue contamination in surface runoff
  • Heavy metal feed additives in surface runoff
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15
Q

What is soil science?

A

Study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including soil formation, classification. mapping, the physical, chemical, biological and fertility properties of soil, and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils

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16
Q

What is soil erosion?

A

THe breakdown, detachment, transport and redistribution of soil particles by wind, water or gravity.

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17
Q

What does soil erosion affect?

A

Water and air quality, and soil productivity

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18
Q

What are the main causes of soil degradation?

A

overgrazing and agriculture activities

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19
Q

What is desertification?

A

Dryland regions become increasingly arid, losing their bodies of water, vegetation and wildlife

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20
Q

Describe the prevalence of drylands

A

They occupy nearly half of the earth’s area and are home to 1/3 of the human pop.

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21
Q

What is the organism found in soil that contains bird and bat manure?

A

Histoplama capsulatum

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22
Q

What is histoplasmosis>

A

chronic, noncontagious, disseminated, granulomatous disease of people and other animals caused by the dimorphic fungus

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23
Q

Soil is a reservoir for what bacteria?

A

Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax

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24
Q

What are some sources of infection of Bacillus anthracis?

A
  • When livestock are grazing on neutral or slightly alkaline soil
  • infection in cattle, sheep, or horses usually is the result of grazing on infected land
  • Organisms enter through the mouth
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25
What is the bacteria that is responsible for Tetanus toxemia?
Clostridium tetani
26
T/F: Tetanus (lockjaw) is caused by the bacteria clostridium tetani itself.
False - is is caused by a neurotoxin produced by the bacteria
27
Which species is most sensitive to tetanus toxemia?
Horses and lambs, with the possible exception of people
28
What are some characteristics of canine tetanus?
- Furrowed brow, ears pulled together, lips drawn up - Look for wound, may not be obvious - Worn nails
29
What are some ways to treat tetanus?
- Curariform agents, tranquilizers, or barbiturate sedatives - 300,000 IU of tetanus antitoxin IV, BID - Draining and cleaning the wounds - Penicillin or broad-spectrum antibiotics - Good nursing during the acute period of spasms
30
White muscle disease is a result of what deficiency?
Selenium
31
What bacteria causes blackleg?
Clostridium chauvoei
32
What are some characteristics of Clostridium chauvoei?
- Found naturally in the intestinal tract of animals - spores remain viable in the soil for years and are purported to be a source of infection - outbreaks of blackleg have occurred in cattle on farms in which recent excavations have occurred or after flooding
33
What is the pathology of Clostridium chauvoei?
The organisms are probably ingested, pass through the wall of the GI tract, go into the bloodstream, deposited in muscle and other tissues and may remain dormant indefinitely
34
What are clinical findings congruent with Clostridium chauvoei?
- Edematous and crepitant swelling develop in the hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck, or elsewhere - General signs include prostration and tremors - Death in 12-48hrs
35
What is hypomagnesemic (grass) tetany?
A complex metabolic disturbance characterized by hypomagnesemia - hyperexcitability, muscular spasm, convulsions, respiratory distress, collapse, and death
36
Which animals are most susceptible to hypomagnesemic tetany?
Adult lactating animals because of the loss of Mg in milk - those that are grazed on lush green pastures or green seral crops
37
What is the National Air Quality Index?
Air quality guide for particle pollution
38
What is a jet stream?
Narrow band of strong wind in the upper atmosphere - blows from west to east, can shift north to south - Flows along a warm and cold air boundary - most pronounced in the winter
39
Define air pollution
gaseous nd particulate contaminants that are present in the Earth's atmosphere - primary pollutants are emitted directly into the air
40
What layer of the atmosphere do we live in?
Troposphere
41
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for how many premature deaths?
4.2 million - 29% of lung cancer - 17% from acute lower resp. infection - 24% of stroke - 25% of ischemic heart disease - 43% from COPD
42
What is the clean air act and criteria pollutants?
1970, federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources, authorizes the EPA to set and enforce national ambient air quality standards.
43
What are the six major criteria pollutants that have standards set through the Clean Air Act?
- Carbon monoxide - Lead - Nitrogen dioxide - Ozone - Sulfur dioxide - Particulate pollution
44
What are the sources of criteria pollutants?
1. Stationary or point sources 2. Mobile or non-point sources 3. Natural sources 4. Agricultural operations
45
What are some examples of stationary or point sources of criteria pollutants?
Factories, power plants, dry cleaners, degreasing operations, residential wood fires, dry lake beds, housing construction, landfills
46
What are some examples of mobile or non-point sources of criteria pollutants?
Vehicles, planes, trains, cars, farm equipment
47
What are some examples of natural sources of criteria pollutants?
wildfires, dust storms, and volcanic activity
48
What are some examples of agricultural operations of criterial pollutats?
gases and particulate matter, ammonia from manure, aerial drift of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides
49
What two types of pollution are leading to more frequent and sustained heat waves?
Carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses
50
What was recently found connecting a neighborhoods overall blood pressure and a hog farm?
That stronger odors and higher hydrogen sulfide concentrations correlated with higher blood pressure
51
Describe airborne diseases
any that are caused by pathogens and transmitted through air
52
How far have airborne diseases been recorded transmitting?
Overland - 50km Over water - 200km
53
What is the most commonly diagnosed respiratory disorder in cats?
Feline asthma
54
What are some suspected allergens thought to cause feline asthma?
Tobacco smoke, dusty kitty litter, vapors from household cleaning solutions and aerosol sprays, pollen, weeds, grasses, mold, mildew, dust mites, smoke from fire and candles, some foods
55
What is the typical treatment for feline asthma?
Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in lungs, with or without bronchodilators
56
What is canine allergic bronchitis?
An allergic reaction to something in the environment that causes an inflammatory response in the upper airways
57
What are some symptoms of canine allergic bronchitis?
Chronic dry, hacking cough, respiratory distress, open mouth breathing, pale mm, lethargy and exercise intolerance
58
What are the suspected indoor allergens for canine allergic bronchitis?
Tobacco smoke, wood burning stoves, fireplaces, carpet cleaners, deodorizers and air fresheners, painting, pesticide use
59
What is the treatment for canine allergic bronchitis?
Glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, abx may also be recommended
60
Nature's deadliest creature is _____________________
Airborne

OH IV (5 decks)

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