exam 1 lecture material Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
what is the “blind watch maker”
A
natural selection
2
Q
what are characteristics of living things (4)
A
- Complex
- Able to change in response to
environment - Able to reproduce
- Have the capacity to evolve
3
Q
what is any system featuring a large number of interacting components whose aggregate activity is nonlinear (not derivable from the summations of the activity of individual components) and typically exhibits hierarchical self-organization under selective pressures.
A
a complex system
4
Q
9 things living things do
A
evolve, maintain homeostasis, maintain order, acquire materials and energy from their environment, consist of one or more cells, grow and develop, perceive and process
ambient information, store replicate and process
hereditary information, reproduce
5
Q
All life (as well as other forms of matter) are built of _____
A
atoms of basic elements
6
Q
proton, neutron, and electron masses
A
1, 1, negligible
7
Q
what is it when the same atoms have different numbers of neutrons and different masses
A
isotopes
8
Q
what give off energy in the form of radiation from the nucleus
A
radioisotopes
9
Q
This radioactive decay transforms the atom - it changes in the number of ______.
A
neutrons
10
Q
Radioactivity can interact with ____
A
matter
11
Q
Biologically speaking, the ______ are most important
A
electrons
12
Q
The electron orbitals define the ________ of each substance: What other elements can combine and in what form with a given element.
A
chemical reactivity
13
Q
Chemical behavior of atoms is determined by their _______
A
electron configuration
14
Q
Sharing the same number of valence electrons gives elements ______ chemical properties
A
similar
15
Q
is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
A
Ionic bonding
16
Q
______ is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
A
A covalent/molecular bond
17
Q
what takes more energy to break a short triple bond, or a long single bond?
A
short triple bond
18
Q
_____ can be used to date the age of fossils
A
Isotopes
19
Q
Some toxic elements are dangerous because they ____ chemical properties with essential elements and can ____ them in our bodies.
A
share, replace
20
Q
Living organisms require certain elements in order to grow and reproduce, what are they? what are the four most common our of the 6?
A
C, H, N, P, S and O
C, H, N, and O
21
Q
_____ is chemically similar to magnesium and can replace it in enzymes
A
Beryllium
22
Q
what element is useful in treating depression and other conditions
A
Lithium
23
Q
________ considers how the balance of energy and elements affects and is affected by organisms and their interactions in ecosystems
A
Ecological stoichiometry
24
Q
The presence or absence of key elements can ____ influence agriculture, biodiversity, and other issues
A
strongly
25
Plant growth is often limited by the presence of available _____ in the soil.
nitrogen
26
A lack of available nitrogen prevents the plants from growing to their potential, what color do they turn
yellow
27
how was nitrogen deficiency in plants solved?
artificial fertilizer
28
Where do we see a ‘dead zone’ each year as a result of cultural eutrophication?
In the Gulf of Mexico where the Mississippi River meets the ocean.
29
Water is a (polar/ non polar) molecule
polar
30
water is (hydro phobic/philic)?
hydrophilic
31
The chemical properties of ____ are important for life as we know it on earth.
water
32
____ is a measure of the concentration of protons in solution
pH
33
formula for pH
pH= -log [H+]
34
pure water has pH of __
7
35
pH is ____ regulated in the tissues and cells of our bodies
The pH of blood is slightly basic at around ____
The pH of our stomach rumen is strongly acidic at _______
carefully, 7.4, 1.5 to 3.5 pH.
36
Carbon dioxide released due to human activities are absorbed by the oceans resulting in ______
more acidic water
37
pH has important _____ impacts
physiological and biological
38
Ocean acidification _____ affects organisms that grow shells out of calcium carbonate.
negatively
39
what is life chemical backbone
Carbon
40
what can carbon form
single, double, and triple bonds, and isomers
41
whats an isomer
molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures
42
Many functional groups are polar and Thus allow carbon compounds to become ____ in the cell’s aqueous environment
Soluble
43
Proteins are composed of ______
amino acids
44
what is a chain of amino acids
peptide
45
what is a long continuous unbranched peptide chain
polypeptide
46
what is the primary protein structure?
sequence of chain of amino acids, looks like beads on bracelet
47
what is the secondary protein structure?
local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets, looks like DNA or ribbon
48
what is the tertiary protein structure?
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain connections, looks like see through worms
49
what is the quaternary protein structure?
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain, looks like different worms
50
All life on earth is built with proteins composed of the same ___ amino acids
20
51
Peptide bonds form when the _____ atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined with the ____ atom in the amino group of the next in a covalent linkage.
carbon, nitrogen
52
The sequence of amino acids (and their chemical properties) determines how the protein will ____ into its three-dimensional structure
fold
53
what do nucleic acids contain
information
54
_______ is the genetic material for all organisms
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
55
_______ is a key player in protein synthesis and the regulation of gene expression.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
56
what is the only difference between the structures of RNA and DNA
there is a hydroxide (OH) bonded to the bottom right carbon in the sugar in RNA and a hydrogen atom (H) bonded to the bottom right carbon in the sugar in DNA
57
DNA and RNA are composed of three components, what are they?
a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate groups
58
whats the backbone for RNA and DNA
sugar-phosphate backbone
59
The bases in nucleotides are built from nitrogen-containing rings and are of two types:
pyrimidines and purines
60
what are the purines
adenine and guanine
61
what are the pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
62
whats the difference in terns id pyrimidines between RNA and DNA
RNA has Uracil and DNA has Thymine
63
Which is double and which is single helix between DNA and RNA
DNA is double and RNA is single
64
how is DNA pyrimidines and Purines held together
hydrogen bonds
65
_______ in the DNA is stored in the sequence, or order, of successive nucleotides.
Genetic information
66
Sugars belong to a class of molecules called ____
carbohydrates
67
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are _____
isomers
68
A simple sugar is called a
monosaccharide
69
Open chain monosaccharides can form one of two ______
stereoisomers
70
what is a stereoisomer
each of two or more compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms
71
Two simple sugars combined with a covalent bond is called a ______
disaccharide
72
Two simple sugars combine by means of a ______
glycosidic bond
73
Simple sugars combine in many ways to form ____
polysaccharides
74
Starch is easily digested by we humans. An enzyme in our saliva, ______, starts to break down starch even before it gets to our stomachs.
amylase
75
Cellulose is difficult to impossible for us to digest due to our _____
lack of the proper enzymes
76
_____ is an important form of energy storage in our bodies
Glycogen
77
Endurance athletes ‘hitting the wall’ = depletion of _____
glycogen stores
78
Lipids: Chemically diverse group of molecules that are all _____
hydrophobic
79
Why do we need fats (lipids) in our diet
* Provides long-term energy storage
| * Keeps our bodies warm
80
whats an Examples of Triacylglycerols:
Fats stored in adipose tissue Olive Oil and Corn Oil
81
Fatty acids differ in the _____ of their ______
length, hydrocarbon chain
82
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated fats have double bonds making them bent while saturated fats have single bonds making them straight
83
trick to remember saturated vs unsaturated
saturated straight
84
______ as they are called (because of the orientation of added hydrogen molecules) raise LDL and lower HDL and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
‘Trans-fats’
85
_______ was produced as an alternative to animal fats such as lard – presented as a healthier alternative
Partially hydrogenated oil
86
Doctors generally recommend consuming ______ fats (like olive oil) in place of ______ fats.
monounsaturated, saturated
87
The ______ of fatty acids depend upon their length and level of saturation due to Van der Waal’s forces
melting points
88
trend for increasing melting point of fatty acids
saturated is higher than unsaturated
| longer has higher than shorter
89
______ such as cholesterol are biologically important lipids
Steroids
90
______ is a component of animal cell membranes
Cholesterol
91
Cholesterol serves as a precursor for the synthesis of _____ such as estrogen and testosterone.
hormones
92
what is the Lock-and-key kind of fit between the shapes, charges, hydrophobicity, and/or other physical properties of two biological molecules that allow formation of multiple non-covalent interactions between them at close range.
Molecular complementarity
93
Ions, and polar molecules, especially those that form hydrogen bonds with water are
hydrophilic
94
Nonpolar molecules such as hydrocarbons that interact with each other, but not with water, are
hydrophobic
95
______ are very important for the Functioning of membranes and membrane-bound proteins
Hydrophobic interactions
96
Cell membranes are composed of ______, called the _______
two layers of phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer
97
Phospholipids will _______ form structures when added to neutral water
spontaneously
98
All evidence suggests that membranes developed from ____, but their composition and function ______
straightforward physical processes, evolved over time
99
The famous _____ experiment created more than 20 amino acids by attempting to simulate the atmospheric conditions of early earth
Miller-Urey
100
While there are a huge number of possible amino acids that can be synthesized, only ___ amino acids are used by life-forms on earth to build proteins. These can differ in their _____ which add different chemical properties to each amino acid.
20, side chains (R – groups)
101
What are the three main categories of amino acids
hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and special
102
what are the three special amino acids
Cysteine, Glycine, and Proline
103
whats special about Glycine
Small enough to fit small spaces and Increases flexibility in polypeptide
104
whats special about Proline
Restricts rotation of C-N bond, thus imposing constraints on protein folding
105
whats special about cysteine
forms disulfide (S-S) bonds when in proximity with another Cysteine, helps thee overall shape of a protein
106
The _____ can be formed in experiments that duplicate what conditions may have been like on early earth.
building blocks of life
107
______ of amino acids determine the structure of proteins.
Chemical properties
108
Membranes and proteins can _____ form due to simple chemical interactions.
spontaneously
109
Some complex proteins require the help of ______ to be assembled.
chaperones
110
Chemical reactions can be _______ and may require the investment of activation energy to proceed.
exothermic or endothermic
111
In an exothermic reaction, what has higher energy, the reactants or the products?
Reactants
112
In an endothermic reaction, what has higher energy, the reactants or the products?
Products
113
______ help to lower the activation energy (energy barrier) and thus speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes
114
How do enzymes work
induced fit model
115
explain the induced fit model
the substrate and enzyme enter the active site, the substrate and enzyme combine into a specific shape, the enzyme and substrate leave the active site
116
_____ can often be important in the work of enzymes
Cofactors and coenzymes
117
_______ proteins are at the root of many illnesses, including some cancers and cystic fibrosis as well as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases.
Improperly folded
118
______ are protein complexes that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
Enzymes
119
_____ is the way cells generate energy
Cellular respiration
120
All cells require ______
input of free energy
121
Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the ______ in fuel molecules into the chemical energy of ______, which can be used by cells.
chemical energy, ATP
122
_______ is the power house of the cell
Mitochondria
123
who is mitochondria inherited from
your mother
124
does mitochondria have its own DNA or does it replicate the DNA of what it attaches too?
its own
125
Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose gets turned into ____
ATP
126
Cellular respiration is an overall _______ process
exothermic
127
how efficient is cellular respiration
34%
128
_____ is the universal currency of energy for living things
ATP
129
Even though plants can use sunlight as a source of energy, they also utilize ______ to break down carbohydrates.
cellular respiration
130
Cellular respiration is an example of _____, where larger molecules are being broken down.
catabolism
131
what are the three stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
132
where does glycolysis take place
cytosol
133
where does citric acid cycle and electron transport chain take place
mitochondria
134
Respiration is a series of ______
exothermic redox reactions
135
_______ is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
Oxidation
136
______ is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
Reduction
137
When a molecule is oxidized, it ____ energy.
loses
138
When a molecule is reduced, it _____ energy
gains
139
what is an example of reduction in cellular respiration
gaining a hydrogen since theres an e- in it
140
What is the reduced form between
ADP and ATP
NAD+ and NADH
FAD and FADH2
ATP
NADH
FADH2
141
which has a higher energy state, the oxidized or reduced form in coenzymes
the reduced form
142
How many ATP is produced in Glycolysis? In CAC? In ETC?
2, 2, 34
143
How many NADH is produced in Glycolysis? In CAC? In ETC?
2, 8, N/A
144
How many FADH2 is produced in Glycolysis? In CAC? In ETC?
N/A, 2, N/A
145
why should the pH in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria be lower that he matrix
due to the higher concentration of protons in the inter-membrane space, theres more H+'s which lower the pH
146
what are nucleotides
DNA and RNA
147
The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
anabolism
148
the process of the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy
catabolism
149
what is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen
fermentation
150
what are the products of fermentation
organic acids, gases, or alcohol
151
where does fermentation occur
in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
152
n the absence of oxygen, fermentation allows cells to continue _______
glycolysis
153
what are the two types of fermentation
lactic acid, Homolactic, and ethanol fermentation
154
In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing energy by the ______ of organic nutrients anaerobically
degradation
155
Fermentation turns _____ and _____ produced in glycolysis into _____ and an _____ which varies depending on the type of fermentation
NADH, pyruvate, NAD+, organic product
156
_________(producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. The pyruvate from glycolysis[9] undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming lactic acid.[2][10] It is unique because it is one of the only respiration processes to not produce a gas as a byproduct. Overall, one molecule of glucose (or any six-carbon sugar) is converted to two molecules of lactic acid: C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CHOHCOOH
Homolactic fermentation
157
The _______ of ATP is a key regulator of cellular respiration
intracellular level
158
(High/Low) ATP = no need for more ATP, respiration is then inhibited
High
159
(High/Low) ATP = a need for more ATP, respiration is stimulated.
Low
160
ATP regulates ________ allosterically – an example of feedback inhibition.
phosphofructokinase
161
what is fermentation a constant loop through
glycolysis
162
does fermentation need O2
no
163
were conditions 4 billion years ago anaerobic or aerobic
anaerobic
164
does glycolysis need O2
no
165
In aerobic respiration, _____ serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain - which overall generates much more ATP than does glycolysis or fermentation
oxygen
166
as ATP increases, the activity of the phosphofructinase (lowers/raises)
lowers
167
ATP regulates phosphofructokinase allosterically – an example of ________
feedback inhibition
168
what are two ways enzymes can be regulated
noncompetitive (allosteric) and competitive inhibition
169
Very often in biological systems, the end product of a series of events also acts as a ______
regulator
170
______ inhibition occurs when some inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for a spot on the active site of the enzyme
Competitive
