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Abnormal Psychology > exam 1 lecture notes > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three disturbances that are related to psychological disfunction

A

cognition
emotion regulation
behavior

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2
Q

what is neurobiological functioning

A

how our brain and body functions

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3
Q

what is characterized as distress or impairment

A

personal distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning that can happen to self or inner social circle

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4
Q

what is the basis of the supernatural tradition

A

the idea that deviance is the battle of good vs evil

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5
Q

what is mass hysteria

A

emotion contagion

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6
Q

what were three treatments that were administered in relation to the supernatural tradition

A

trepanation
exorcism
blaming on witches

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7
Q

what were other worldly causes that were involved in the supernatural tradition

A

gravitational pull of moon
astrology

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8
Q

what were the two founders of the biological tradition

A

hippocrates
galen

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9
Q

what was hippocrates contribution to the biological tradition

A

mental health can be treated similarly to any other disease

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10
Q

what was galens contribution to the biological tradition

A

normal functions relate to the four humors
-yellow bile, black bile, phelgm/water, blood/air

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11
Q

why was syphilis important to the biological tradition

A

in late stages it can present with psychosis-like symptoms

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12
Q

what were four treatments related to the biological tradition

A

ECT
transorbital lobotomy
medication
psychotherapy

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13
Q

what two things were thought to influence biological functioning in the biological tradition

A

behavioral changes
cognitive activities

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14
Q

what is the basis of the psychological tradition

A

viewing mental health as having a cognitive, behavioral, and social etiology and context

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15
Q

who were two people that supported the psychological tradition

A

plato
aristotle

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16
Q

what does etiology mean

A

origin

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17
Q

what are three treatments that were involved in the psychological tradition

A

moral therapy
psychoanalysis
behaviorism

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18
Q

what was one reason that moral therapy declines

A

because of the increase in the number of mental health patients due to the mental hygiene movement

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19
Q

who started psychoanalysis

A

freud

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20
Q

what was the basis of psychoanalysis

A

human behavior can be influenced by unconscious forces

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21
Q

what is the ego

A

mediator between id and superego

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22
Q

what is the superego

A

moral rules

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23
Q

what is the id

A

instinct operating unconsciously according to the pleasure principle

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24
Q

who started classical conditioning

A

pavlov

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25
what are the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in classical conditioning
things that happened normally before training
26
what are the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response in classical conditioning
things that happen as a result of training
27
what is acquisition in the context of classical conditioning
pairing the CS with an US to produce a CR
28
what is extinction in the context of classical conditioning
showing CS without US will make the CR weaker
29
what is stimulus generalization
after CR is paired with CS, the same CR will occur with similar stimuli without added training
30
what is stimulus discrimination
when participant only responds to the CS but not similar stimulus
31
who started operant conditioning
BF Skinner
32
what is the basis of operant conditioning
a specific action is more or less likely to occur depending on consequences in the environment
33
if a stimulus is applied and the behavior increases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
positive reinforcement
34
if a stimulus is applied and the behavior decreases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
positive punishment
35
if a stimulus is removed and the behavior increases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
negative reinforcement
36
if a stimulus is removed and the behavior decreases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
negative punishment
37
what is shaping
teaching behavior by rewarding approximate behaviors until the desired behavior is reached
38
what is phrenology
the idea that the skull shape corresponds to its functions
39
what did Brodmann endorse
functional localization -diff parts of the brain support diff functions
40
what did John Jackson endorse
seizure activity follows the progression indication how the body is mapped in the motor cortex (seizure goes from foot to face)
41
what is brocas area involved in
expressing/producing language (anterior of brain)
42
what is wernickes area involved in
receiving/understanding language (posterior of the brain)
43
what is the prefrontal cortex involved in
motor control planning decision making
44
what are the two cell types in the brain
neurons glial cells
45
are there more glial cells or neurons in the brain
more glial cells
46
what type of neurons are the most common
multipolar
47
what do pyramidal neurons mostly release
glutamate
48
what allows rapid conduction in neurons
myelination
49
what is the difference between white matter and grey matter
white: myelinated axons grey: non-myelinated axons
50
where are NT made
cell body
51
where are NT released
axon terminal
52
what are the two main amino acid NT
GABA - inhibitory glutamate - excitatory
53
what are the three main monoamine NT
serotonin NE dopamine
54
what is the function of serotonin
mood, appetite, sleep, function of GI tract -involved in plasticity and memory consolidation
55
what is the function of NE
sympathetic nervous system response -alertness, attention, memory
56
what is the function of dopamin
mesostriatal: motor, reward, associative learning mesocorticolimbic: reward/aversion, cognition, working memory
57
what is the function of acetylcholine
neuromuscular junction and autonomic nervous system -plasticity, arousal, attention, reward processing
58
what does a fMRI look at
blood flow (oxygen) to determine neuron activity
59
what does the BBB do
prevent molecules from entering the brain via blood
60
what are the meninges
protect the brain brain pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater
61
what does the somatic nervous system control
voluntary movement
62
what are the cranial nerves
nerves that bring information from sense organs to brain - controls some muscles connects to some glands, organs
63
how many cranial nerves are there
12 pairs
64
what are the spinal nerves
carry signals between CNS and PNS
65
how many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
66
what does the autonomic nervous system regulate
involuntary functions
67
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
68
what are the functions of the hindbrain
breathing heart rate digestion
69
what are the two regions of the hindbrain
myenlencephalon metencephalon
70
what is the function of the cerebellum
coordinated movement and sense of time
71
what are the two main regions of the brainstem
pons medulla
72
what are the functions of the midbrain
coordinated movement, arousal, and tension
73
what is the main region of the midbrain
mesencephelon
74
what are the two main regions of the forebrain
diencephalon telencephalon
75
what is the diencephalon made up of
thalamus hypothalamus
76
what is the telencephalon made up of
cerebral hemispheres limbic system basal ganglia cortex
77
what is involved in the limbic system
amygdala: emotions hippocampus: new episodic memories cingulate gyrus: integrates and regulates emotion
78
what are two things included in the basal ganglia
striatum substantia nigra
79
what is the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus
sulcus: groove gyrus: bump
80
how does the amygdala function within the stress system
amygdala sends signal to the hypothalamus to turn on the stress response
81
what are the two ways that the hypothalamus signals to the adrenal gland in two ways
fast acting slow acting
82
what is the fast acting stress response
hypothalamus sends the signal to the adrenal gland through autonomic nerves to stimulate release of epi and NE from adrenal medulla
83
what is the slow acting stress response
HPA axis: hypothalamus sends signal to adrenal gland indirectly through pituitary gland that signals adrenal cortex to release cortisol
84
what is a chronic effect of cortisol
chronic cortisol can lead to a suppressed immune system
85
when is the lateral prefrontal cortex active
active when attention is on goals, resisting distraction, and regulating impulses
86
what does the lateral prefrontal cortex sync with to regulate stress
amygdala
87
what is the difference between the categorical and the dimensional approach to psychological disorders
categorical: individuals with 4 or more symptoms receive a diagnosis dimensional: everyone has a diagnosis on some part of the curve
88
what is reliability
the degree to which a measurement is consistent
89
what is validity
how well the assessment measures what you want
90
what does it mean when a test is standardized
the same tests will yield the same results
91
what is the difference between the dependent and independent variable
dependent: outcome variable independent: predictor / manipulated variable
92
how does a CAT/CT scan look at the brain
x-ray pictures looking at the structure in slices
93
how does an MRI look at the brain
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to construct a 3D image
94
how does an fMRI look at the brain
looks at oxygen levels in the blood - cannot tell about electrical activity specifically - evaluates brief changes in brain activity during a task or at rest
95
how does a PET scan look at the brain
by injection of radioactive isotopes

Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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