exam 1 reading notes

Question 1

what is a phobia

Answer 1

psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

Question 2

what is psychological dysfunction

Answer 2

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Question 3

what are the three components of a psychological disorder

Answer 3

psychological dysfunction
distress or impairment
atypical response

Question 4

what is the DSM definition of a psychological disorder

Answer 4

behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

Question 5

what is psychopathology

Answer 5

the scientific study of psychological disorders

Question 6

what does the presenting problem refer to

Answer 6

the problem that caused the person to come to the clinic

Question 7

what does a clinical description refer to

Answer 7

the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Question 8

what is the prevalence of a disorder refer to

Answer 8

how many people in a population have the disorder

Question 9

what does the incidence of a disorder refer to

Answer 9

statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period

Question 10

what is etiology

Answer 10

the study of origins
why a disorder begins / what causes it

Question 11

what was hippocrates contribution to psychological disorders

Answer 11

believed that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease

Question 12

what did hippocrates assume normal functioning was related to

Answer 12

the four bodily fluids or humors

Question 13

what is moral therapy

Answer 13

treating institutionalized patients s normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction

Question 14

what is psychoanalysis and whos theory was it based on

Answer 14

theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious processes in determining behavior
based on sigmund freud

Question 15

what is behaviorism

Answer 15

focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology

Question 16

what does catharsis refer to

Answer 16

the release of emotional material

Question 17

what is the psychoanalytic model

Answer 17

comprehensive theory constructed on the development and structure of our personalities

Question 18

what are the three main facets of the psychoanalytic theory

Answer 18

1. the structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another
2. the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes or conflicts
3. the stages of early psychosexual development that provide the drive of our inner conflicts

Question 19

what are the three parts of the mind according to freud

Answer 19

id
ego
superego

Question 20

what is the id

Answer 20

the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies
- operates according to the pleasure principle

Question 21

what is the ego

Answer 21

the part of our mind that acts realistically and operates according to the reality principle

Question 22

what is the superego

Answer 22

our conscience
represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and culture

Question 23

what does the ego mediate

Answer 23

conflict between the id and the superego

Question 24

what is the defense mechanism of displacement

Answer 24

displacing an emotion onto an object that is not the object causing the emotion

Question 25

what is the defense mechanism of sublimation

Answer 25

directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

Question 26

what is the defense mechanism of denial

Answer 26

refusal to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others

Question 27

what is the defense mechanism of projection

Answer 27

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object

Question 28

what is the defense mechanism rationalization

Answer 28

conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations

Question 29

what is the defense mechanism reaction formation

Answer 29

substitutes behavior thoughts or feelings that are the direct opposite of the unacceptable ones

Question 30

what is the defense mechanism repression

Answer 30

blocks disturbing wishes thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness

Question 31

what are the stages of freuds psychosexual stages of development

Answer 31

oral anal phallic latency genital

Question 32

what is object relations

Answer 32

the study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were emotionally attached

Question 33

what is the collective unconscious

Answer 33

wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation

Question 34

what does polygenic mean

Answer 34

something is influenced by many genes, each contributing a small effect - all can be influenced by the environment

Question 35

what is the difference between quantitative genetics and molecular genetics

Answer 35

quantitative genetics: sums up the small effects across many genes without telling us which genes are responsible for which effects molecular genetics: examining the actual structure of genes with advanced technologies

Question 35

what is the diathesis-stress model

Answer 35

individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors which may then be activated under conditions of stress

Question 36

what is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and stress

Answer 36

the more genetic vulnerability you have the less stress is needed to trigger an associated disorder

Question 37

what is the gene-environment correlation model

Answer 37

model that says that some people have a genetically determined tendency to create the specific environmental risk factors that trigger genetic vulnerability to a phobia

Question 38

what does the hindbrain contain

Answer 38

medulla pons cerebellum

Question 39

what is the function of the hindbrain

Answer 39

regulate autonomic activities (breathing, heartbeat, digestion)

Question 40

what does the cerebellum control

Answer 40

motor coordination

Question 41

what is the function of the midbrain

Answer 41

coordinates movement with sensory input and contains part of the reticular activation system which contributes to arousal and tension (awake or asleep)

Question 42

what is the overarching function of the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 42

regulating behavior and emotion

Question 43

what is contained in the limbic system

Answer 43

hippocampus cingulate gyrus septum amygdala

Question 44

what do the basal ganglia control

Answer 44

motor activity

Question 45

which hemisphere of the brain is responsible for verbal and cognitive processes

Answer 45

left

Question 46

what is the right hemisphere responsible for

Answer 46

perceiving the world and creating images

Question 47

what is the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 47

recognizing sight and sounds associated with long term memory storage

Question 48

what is the function of the parietal lobe

Answer 48

recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positions

Question 49

what is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 49

integrating and making sense of various visual inputs

Question 50

what do agonists do

Answer 50

increase the activity of a NT by mimicking its effects

Question 51

what do antagonists do

Answer 51

decrease or block a NT

Question 52

what do inverse agonists do

Answer 52

produce effects that are opposite the ones produced by NT

Question 53

what NT are monoamines

Answer 53

NE serotonin dopamine

Question 54

what NT are amino acids

Answer 54

GABA glutamate

Question 55

what does the serotonin system regulate

Answer 55

behavior, mood, thought processes

Question 56

what kind of receptors does norepinephrine stimulate

Answer 56

alpha adrenergic beta adrenergic

Question 57

what is dopamine implicated in

Answer 57

pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction

Question 58

what is L-dopa

Answer 58

dopamine agonist

Question 59

who is credited with first studying observational learning/modeling

Answer 59

bandura

Question 60

what are the three components of emotion

Answer 60

behavior physiology cognition

Question 61

what are semistructured interviews

Answer 61

interviews that are made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information in a consistent manner

Question 62

what do neurophyschological tests measure

Answer 62

brain dysfunction by observing the effects of the dysfunction on the persons ability to perform certain tasks