Exam 1 (lecture notes) Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
perpetually exists in pop, often has animal reservoir
A
endemic
2
Q
examples of endemics
A
STD, cold, tetanus, rabies
3
Q
rapid rise of cases in area where disease is not endemic
A
epidemic
4
Q
examples of epidemics
A
coronavirus, flu
5
Q
epidemic across several pop or land areas
A
pandemic
6
Q
don’t know if infected, healthy
A
quarantine
7
Q
know infected, sick
A
isolation
8
Q
“patient zero”, index case
A
1st known person to have disease
9
Q
animal reservoir
A
novel virus transferred form animal to human (pig, chick, fowl, bat)
10
Q
phase 1-3
A
predominantly, animal infections, few human infections
11
Q
phase 4
A
sustained human to human
12
Q
phase 5-6
A
pandemic; widespread human infection
13
Q
post peak
A
possibility of recurrent events
14
Q
post pandemic
A
disease activity at seasonal levels
15
Q
r0
A
r-naught; reproductive rate
16
Q
r0 for flu
A
2
17
Q
WHO pandemic phases 1
A
1) virus circulating in animals shows no transmission to humans
2) virus circulating in animals that has potential to infect humans
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
18
Q
WHO pandemic phases 2
A
2) virus circulating in animals that has potential to infect humans
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
19
Q
WHO pandemic phases 3
A
3) sporadic animal to human transmission
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
20
Q
WHO pandemic phases 4
A
4) human to human transmission
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
21
Q
WHO pandemic phases 5
A
5) sustained outbreaks in at least two countries
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
22
Q
WHO pandemic phases 6
A
6) sustained outbreaks outside original region
23
Q
WHO pandemic phases 7
A
7) post peak –> # new cases dec
24
Q
WHO pandemic phases 8
A
8) post pandemic–> # below baseline
25
ecological systems
outside influences inside influences outside
26
historically, what did people believe caused illness?
evil spirts, divine punishment, imbalance, moral failings, bad mothers
27
2000 BCE advances
hygiene
28
600 to 500 BCE advances
sanitation
29
400 BCE advances
hippocrates declares illness a natural phenomenon
30
humoral theory
personality traits to health (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
31
blood
sanguine (bloodletting)
32
black bile
melancholic (depress)
33
yellow bile
choleric
34
phlegm
phlegmatic (slow)
35
who was the first health psychologist
hippocrates (better to know patient than disease)
36
rene descartes
body = machine, doctor = mechanic
37
germ theory/vaccination
Louis pasteur
38
miasma
illness caused by bad air
39
William morton
ether, anestisialogy
40
willheim roentgen
x rays
41
John snow
epidemiology, London cholera, anestisiology
42
four health revolutions
vaccination, antibiotics, antipsychotics, contraception
43
four models of medicine
biomedical model, psychosomatic model, behavioral model, biopsychosocial model
44
modern health psychology
- scientific study of the causes of and contributors to disease
- health promotion
- preventing and treating illnesses
- promoting health policy and improving healthcare systems
45
biological part of biopsychosocial
genetics, genomics, evolution, epigenetic
46
psychological part of biopsychosocial
appraisal of stressors, coping methods, locus of control
47
social part of biopsychosocial
birth cohort, sociocultural, gender
48
WEIRD pop
western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
49
common research methods
case studies, surveys, observation, correlational/association studies, experiments, Quasi, developmental
50
a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another
experiment
51
experiments must include
random selection and random assignment
52
studies show that babies exclusively breastfed for at least 6 mo have
fewer allergies, lower risk of asthma, inc cognitive develop, fewer ear infections
53
many have random selection, but does not have random assignment
quasi
54
developmental studies include
cross sectional, longitudinal, behavioral genetics (twin/adoption studies)
55
guiding document for human experimental research in the US that established institutional review boards
Belmont report
56
principles of Belmont report
respect for people, beneficence, justice
57
respect for people includes
confidentiality and informed consent
58
part of the population can have reduced capacity to
consent
59
beneficence includes
maximize good and minimize harm
60
justice includes
non exploitative, equal benefits, right to try
61
animal version of IRB
IACUC
62
IACUC reports to
AAALAC
63
basic unit of life
cell
64
kidneys
filter toxins from blood, regulate bp
65
urinary system communicates with
brain, bone, parathyroid, adrenals
66
hypothalamus
secretes releasing hormones to pituitary gland
67
releasing hormone pathway
CRH to ACTH to cortisol
68
pituitary
releases trophic hormones to activate glands
69
example of positive feedback
chronic stress
70
example of negative feedback
cortisol
71
what axis is important
hypothalamic pituitary...(usually adrenal)
72
pineal gland
sleep, melatonin
73
parathyroid gland
calcium balance, calcitonin
74
thyroid gland
metabolism (T3/T4)
75
adrenal gland
stress; cortisol
76
pancreas
insulin, energy and delivery
77
thymus
immune, T cells
78
ovary and testis
gonad; reproductive cycle, sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA)
79
adrenal medulla gets signal from
SANS (adrenaline/epinephrine)
80
adrenal cortex
cortisol
81
three major divisions of immune system
barrier, innate, adaptive
82
barrier immune
skin, GI acids, nasal cilia
83
innate immune
fast, non specific
84
adaptive immune
slower, targeted
85
major types of innate cells
- macrophages (engulf)
- dendritic cells (antigen presenting)
- neutrophilis (explode)
86
why inflammation
activated leukocytes indicate more needed, capillaries dilate, extravasation of immune cells
87
adaptive immune system involves
b and T cells
88
B cells
- plasma cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
| - memory cells remember
89
T cells
cytotoxic, helper, suppressor
90
NK cells
both innate and adaptive, tumor killers
91
inject pathogen to kill it
cytotoxic
92
alert other cells to attack
helper
93
end immune response when invader is vanquished
suppressor
94
cortisol ramps immune response
down
95
cytokines
immune messengers, communication, interleukins/interferons
96
sickness behavior related to
immune response/inflammation
97
PNS breast into
somatic and autonomic nervous system
98
what part of nervous system involved in stress response
autonomic
99
SANS
controls organs in times of stress
100
PANS
controls organs when body is at rest
101
CNS
brain and spinal cord
102
CNS brain lobes
parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe
103
cerebellum
coordinate movement and implicit mem
104
brain stem
medulla oblongata
105
parietal lobe
sense coordination, connects experiences
106
occipital lobe
vision
107
temporal lobe
hearing, hippocampus is within, language
108
frontal lobe
movement ability, matures last, executive functioning, decision making, working mem
109
gray matter
neurons
110
white matter
axons
111
important components of limbic system
hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, R/L cingulate cortex
112
limbic system
emotion
113
hippocampus
explicit mem (facts, places, spatial)
114
cerebellum
implicit mem (how to do something)
115
amygdala
fear, mood, anger
116
cingulate cortex
decisions to act upon mood
117
right cingulate cortex
avoid signal
118
left cingulate cortex
approach signal
119
cingulotomy
suicidal and nothing works, cut R cingulate cortex
120
four main parts of neurons
dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic terminals
121
the big six... major NT
glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
122
glutamate
excite
123
GABA
slow/decrease
124
acetylcholine
movement and memory, alzeihmers
125
dopamine
movement inhibitor, pleasure/reward
126
norepinephrine
stress response/SANS/arousal
127
serotonin
mood and aggression
128
spinal cord
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
129
somatic PNS
sensory and motor; voluntary
130
autonomic PNS
regulates glands, internal organs, smooth/cardiac muscle; involuntary
131
PANS
rest and digest; feed and breed; acetylcholine and vagus nerve
132
SANS
fight or flight; norepinephrine (NT) and epinephrine (hormone), inc HR/vessel constrict/respiration
133
hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
environ/physiological factors-->brain--> GnRH-->pituitary -->FSH, LH--> gonads--> gametogenesis, gonadal growth, steroidogenesis
134
Follicle stimulating hormone: ovaries
simulates oocyte maturation
135
Follicle stimulating hormone: testes
stimulates sperm production
136
Luteinizing hormone; ovaries
stimulates ovulation
137
Luteinizing hormone; testes
stimulates testosterone release
138
process from ovulation to attaching to uterine wall
ovulated egg-->fertilization-->fertilized egg-->2 cells-->4 cells-->cell division-->attach to uterine wall
139
embryo at
8 weeks
140
fetus at
12 weeks
141
causes birth defects
thalidomide, acutane
142
7 days post fertilization
blastocyst
143
10 days post fertilization
implantation
144
during fetal stage
sexual differentiation and neurogenesis
145
36 weeks to 2 years
synapse formation
146
4-6 years
synapse pruning
147
embryo delicate to
toxins, infections, radiation, nutritional deficiency
148
fetal develop disruptions
alcohol, smoking, infections, maternal health, environ toxins, maternal stress, meds
149
Claude bernard
internal environ
150
Walter cannon
homeostasis, stress
151
Hans selye
stress as response to homeostatic changes; general adaptation syndrome
152
3 symptoms of general adaptation syndrome
adrenal hypertrophy, thymic atrophy, gastric ulcers
153
recognize threat, mobilize resources, sympathetic activation
ALARM stage
154
Selye discover stress response
rats with saline still developed same response
155
reinforce resources, HPA activation
resistance stage
156
resources exhausted or situation resolved and return to baseline
exhaustion (recovery!)
157
allostasis
constancy through change
158
allostatic load
when allostasis hurts, allostatic changes can no longer keep up (McEwen)
159
gastric ulcers caused by
H pylori; stress changes stomach lining so H pylori has easier time colonizing
160
important nerve for PANS
vagus
161
vagal tone
ability of vagus nerve to slow HR
162
vagus nerve control is inhibited by
inhalation
163
breathing in
speeds up HR
164
high vagal tone
dampens intensity of negative emotion (lower distress daily hassles, more coping)
165
psychological stress can impair
vagal tone
166
which responses habituate and which don't
cardiac response to epinephrine habituates and vascular does not
167
Whitehall study
subordinate humans versus seniority
168
baboons
keekrok troop, agressive alpha males died and social connected lived
169
how quickly does your body recover from stress
cardiovascular reactivity
170
what can improve vagal tone?
exercise
171
which response habituates?
cardiac response
172
artery narrowed by plaque
atherosclerosis, hypertension, damaged inner lining of blood vessel, fat build up
173
heart attack
myocardial infarct
174
stroke
ischemic stroke (brain)
175
shingles
cortisol receptors hang in nerves and wait until immune response dampens
176
cortisol effects
feeds flight or fight response
177
cortisol effects on liver
releases FA
178
cortisol effects on kidney
get rid of H2O, retain salt
179
cortisol effects on brain
more sensitive to stimuli, enhance memory
180
cortisol effects on SANS
upregulate fxn, more hormone release, higher receptor sensitivity
181
cortisol effects on immune system
priority shifts to prepare for wounds (skin immune enhance)
182
cortisol normal feedback
feed into hypothalamus to decrease CRH secretion
183
cortisol under chronic stress
hypothalamus becomes desensitized to feedback, inducing a feed forward loop
184
allostatic load
damage happens to body when stress response is maintained too long
185
high glucose leads to
insulin resistance
186
high blood fats leads to
atherosclerosis
187
which fat is worst
central adiposity
188
salt retention leads to
hypertension
189
hippocampus overstimulation leads to
memory problems; depression
190
immune dysregulation leads to
increased inflammation and decreased resistance to infection
191
infarct
blocked blood flow
192
beta blockers
block epinephrine
193
metabolic syndrome
myocardial infraction, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, fatigue
194
scientists discovered psychoneuroimmunology
ader and cohen (classical conditioning)
195
felten
immune cells in nerve endings
196
pert
neuropeptide receptors on immune cells
197
what triggers sickness behavior?
cytokines
198
sickness behavior
fatigue, trouble sleeping, reduced/changed appetite, social withdrawal, body aches, loss of interest, impaired cognition, increase sensitivity to pain
199
sickness behavior can lead to
depression
200
stage 3 and 4 of sleep
slow wave, deep (body healing)
201
REM stage of sleep
dream, brain healing
202
effects of sleep deprivation
same as stress
203
a little stress is good for us
"eustress"
- improves cognitive ability
- improves performance
- psyched up
204
too much stress is not good
"distress"
- decreases cognitive ability
- decreases performance
- psyched out
