exam 1 quizzes

Question 1

According to the Belmont Report, the two major requirements under Respect for Persons are:

Answer 1

informed consent and confidentiality

Question 2

Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by prescribing an ACE inhibitor and recommending a low sodium diet. This is an example of the:

Answer 2

Biomedical model

Question 3

Random selectin means

Answer 3

Participants in a study are randomly selected from the population of interest

Question 4

Deaths caused by disease is called:

Answer 4

Mortality

Question 5

Human and animals research in the US are overseen by the same ethics body (T/F)

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Allostasis is

Answer 6

Constancy through change

Question 7

Many studies have been done on the effect of mindfulness meditation on blood pressure. Some agree, some come to very different conclusions. A research group decides to analyze all of those studies together to see if there really is an effect. This is an example of a/an:

Answer 7

Meta-analysis

Question 8

At research institutions in the US, ethical human research is overseen by Institutional Review Boards (T/F)

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The number of cases of disease, or the proportion of people who have the disease, at some point in time is called:

Answer 9

Prevalence

Question 10

Some people have a reduced capacity to consent to participate in research (T/F)

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Anticipation of a stressor activates the same physical response as experiencing a stressor (T/F)

Answer 11

True

Question 12

There exists a high correlation between alcohol and breast cancer. It is logical to conclude from this information that alcohol causes breast cancer. (T/F)

Answer 12

False

Question 13

The cause or origin of a disease is called

Answer 13

Etiology

Question 14

The three stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome are:

Answer 14

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 15

Which of these is not one of the ethical principles set forth in the Belmont report?

Answer 15

Autonomy

Question 16

The number of new cases of a disease within a certain time period is called:

Answer 16

Incidence

Question 17

Dr. Michael wants to compare three treatments for anxiety: medication alone, therapy alone, or medication + therapy. She recruits 150 participants and randomly assigns each to one of the three conditions. She measures anxiety before and after the treatments. This is an example of

Answer 17

Experiment

Question 18

Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by recommending a low-sodium diet and a gentle exercise program. This is an example of the

Answer 18

Behavioral model

Question 19

The IRB just rejected a proposed study. The investigator wanted to test a new medication to treat mild allergic symptoms. A side effect of the medication, however, was a greatly increased risk of heart attack. This study would have violated which standard of the Belmont report?

Answer 19

Beneficence: minimize harm

Question 20

The human stress response evolved to cope with

Answer 20

physical stressors

Question 21

Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by prescribing an ACE inhibitor. The doctor also refers Donna to a dietitian, so she can learn ways to lower her sodium intake even when she’s eating with family or at church functions. Donna and the doctor discuss Donna’s stress at work and healthy ways to cope.

Answer 21

Biopsychocultural model

Question 22

Which essential feature of an experiment is missing from a quasi-experiment?

Answer 22

Random assignment

Question 23

Casey sits on a blanket on the mall one bright spring day. During each passing period, he counts how many students who walk past him are using their phones and how many are not. This is an example of a/an:

Answer 23

Observational study

Question 24

Surgery was revolutionized after William Morton demonstrated

Answer 24

Using ether for anesthesia

Question 25

People who volunteer as study participants differ as a group from those who do not (T/F)

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What kind of studies are useful to show that smoking can cause lung cancer?

Answer 26

- Quasi experiments, comparing cancer development in people who did compared to those who did not smoke - Longitudinal, following smokers for years to measure health outcomes - Correlational studies, showing that number of pack-years smoked was related to developing lung cancer - Experimental, comparing rats that did and did not have tobacco smoke exposure

Question 27

Dr. Singh works in an emergency department. Over the course of a week, she notices that ten people are brought into the emergency room with a strange new kind of lung infection. She writes a paper describing these cases. This is an example of a/an:

Answer 27

Case study

Question 28

Allowing unauthorized people to access collected data is a violation of which standard of the Belmont Report?

Answer 28

Respect for persons: confidentiality

Question 29

Which of these are the three major symptoms of the “exhaustion” phase of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 29

Thymic atrophy, enlarged adrenals, peptic ulcers

Question 30

Donna’s doctor just diagnosed her with hypertension (high blood pressure). The doctor treats her by recommending psychotherapy to identify stressors in her life and to learn how to practice meditation. This is an example of the:

Answer 30

Psychosomatic model

Question 31

A persistent problem in medical research has been the exclusion of women as participants, and even the exclusion of women as participants, and even the exclusion of female animals in animal studies. This meant that some of the medical advances of the last century didn’t apply to women. Only recently have policies been enacted to ensure.

Answer 31

Justice: equal benefits

Question 32

Health problems caused by a disease is called

Answer 32

Morbidity

Question 33

Morbidity

Answer 33

Health problems caused by a disease is called

Question 34

Lying to participants about the study they are participating in, aside from a few exceptions, is violating which standard of the Belmont Report?

Answer 34

Respect for persons: informed consent

Question 35

Mortality

Answer 35

Deaths caused by disease is called:

Question 36

The type of fat most predictive of negative health outcomes is:

Answer 36

Abdominal/visceral fat

Question 37

The “P” in HPA axis refers to the

Answer 37

Pituitary gland

Question 38

The adrenal cortex

Answer 38

Secretes cortisol, regulating the stress response

Question 39

The parathyroid gland

Answer 39

Secretes parathyroid hormone, regulating blood calcium levels

Question 40

Human hierarchies are set up similarly to the hierarchies of other primates (T/F)

Answer 40

False

Question 41

They hypothalamus communicates to the pituitary gland via

Answer 41

Releasing hormones

Question 42

Babies grow up fine without physical contact (T/F)

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Most DNA methylation patterns are set

Answer 43

During the perinatal period (from a few weeks before birth to a few months after birth)

Question 44

Myocardial infarction is more commonly known as

Answer 44

Heart attack

Question 45

The pancreas

Answer 45

Secretes insulin, regulating blood glucose

Question 46

“fight or flight” response comes from the

Answer 46

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 47

The hypothalamus communicates to the pituitary gland via

Answer 47

Releasing hormones

Question 48

The gonad (ovary/testis):

Answer 48

Secretes androgens, estrogens, and progesterone, regulating reproductive functions

Question 49

Intense childhood stress can cause growth to slow or stop (T/F)

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is caused by:

Answer 50

Blockage of a coronary artery

Question 51

How does repeated stress lead to hypertension?

Answer 51

Damaged blood vessels don’t get enough time to heal, leading to atherosclerosis

Question 52

The “A” in HPA axis refers to the

Answer 52

Adrenal cortex

Question 53

In type 2 diabetes, cells become

Answer 53

Insulin resistant

Question 54

Your biological parents’ life experiences can affect your epigenetics (T/F)

Answer 54

True

Question 55

The brain system that processes emotions is called the

Answer 55

Limbic system

Question 56

Which of these describes the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm?

Answer 56

Cortisol is lowest at night, spikes around waking, and slowly decreases over the day

Question 57

The pituitary gland communicates with target glands by secreting (BLANK) into the bloodstream

Answer 57

Trophic hormones/stimulating hormones

Question 58

“rest and digest” (or “feed and breed”) function is mediated by the:

Answer 58

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 59

The pineal gland

Answer 59

Secretes melatonin, contributing to the sleep-wake cycle

Question 60

The thyroid gland

Answer 60

Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating metabolism

Question 61

Severe stress during pregnancy can increase the risk of which health problem in the fetus?

Answer 61

Low birth weight, altered metabolism, high stress sensitivity, heart disease

Question 62

Which of these describes the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm?

Answer 62

Cortisol is lowest at night, spikes around waking, and slowly decreases over the day

Question 63

the greatest economic predictor of poor health and mortality is

Answer 63

Income inequality

Question 64

Vagal tone, or the strength of the parasympathetic nervous system, can be measured using

Answer 64

Heart rate variability

Question 65

strength of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 65

Vagal tone

Question 66

The “H” in HPA axis refers to

Answer 66

Hypothalamus

Question 67

Stress does not cause cancer (T/F)

Answer 67

True