Exam 1 Level 1 Terms & Definitions Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
using the scientific method to assess whether an organized activity is achieving its intended objectives
A
program evaluation
2
Q
an assessment of which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit
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needs evaluation
3
Q
If you want to know if a company is accomplishing what it set out to do and helping those it intends to help use a
A
program evaluation
4
Q
If I am holding a focus group, or using ANOVA tests with my information, I am in what phase of the program evaluation process?
A
execution
5
Q
When looking for empirical support of the conclusions, and interpreting the findings as the goals of the organization, I am in what phase of the program evaluation?
A
communication of results
6
Q
If we are trying to find who will benefit from the organization, or learn about the organization’s mission we are in what phase of the program evaluation process?
A
Planning
7
Q
an assessment of a general program operation, including whom the program serves and how the program delivers services to that population.
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process evaluation
8
Q
an assessment of whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with states objectives or goals
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outcomes evaluation
9
Q
Amelia wants to open a community center in her neighborhood where students can go after school instead of being home alone. She needs to determine who would benefit most from the community center and what services would be most valuable to offer. Which type of program evaluation should she conduct?
A
a needs evaluation
10
Q
Emerson has already finished the planning phase, as well as, gathered and analyzed the data, for a program evaluation on the first-year experience at college. What is the next step in the program evaluation process?
A
communicating the results
11
Q
For your senior capstone project, you plan on conducting a focus group at your former high school to learn about the effectiveness of recent education reforms. You would like information from administrators, teachers, parents, and students, and want to be mindful of power differentials. Which groups make the most sense?
A
d. Group 1 (Administrators); Group 2 (Teachers); Group 3 (Parents); Group 4 (Students)
12
Q
Professor Santee wants to know if his sophomore research methods class prepares his students to successfully complete their senior thesis. What type of program evaluation would help Professor Santee answer this question?
A
an outcomes evaluation
13
Q
The principal at a local charter school wants to demonstrate that the school’s alternative curriculum and general approach to education is enabling underprepared students to succeed in school and beyond. To accomplish this goal, the principal should
A
conduct a program evaluation of the curriculum
14
Q
As part of the planning stage for a program evaluation she is conducting of a nonprofit group, Camila systematically reviews the organization’s website and print publications. What is Camila’s goal at this stage of her program review?
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to describe the program
15
Q
As camila continues preparing for her program evaluation of a nonprofit group, she asks the director for an organizational chart. Why does Camila want this information?
A
She can use the chart to identify potential stakeholders in the program evaluation
16
Q
Officials have asked a nearby counseling center to establish a program to provide long-term help to victims of a natural disaster in their community. To get started, the counseling center should
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conduct a needs evaluation
17
Q
Gi-hun consults with a local food bank to help them improve and expand their delivery of services to the local community. Gi-hun’s first task should be to
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do a process evaluation of the food bank’s operations
18
Q
A university wants to learn how it can better serve the needs of its international students. The director of global initiatives invites several groups of international students to discuss how well the university serves their needs. What data collection strategy is the director employing?
A
a focus group
19
Q
a mental shortcut strategy for judging the likelihood of an event or situation to occur based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances
A
availability heuristic
20
Q
If weathercasters predicted a dangerous storm approaching and recommended evacuation of susceptible low-lying areas to flood, your decision to “ride it out” or not is based on the previous times when the predicted storm did not live up to the call, you are using what mental strategy?
A
availability heuristic
21
Q
a mental shortcut strategy for determining the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles what we consider to be a “typical” example of that event.
A
representativeness heuristic
22
Q
You want to eat a healthier lunch, so you add granola to your strawberry yogurt. It seems like a healthier alternative but in actuality, it is not as healthy as you thought because it is filled with sugar. What mental strategy was utilized?
A
representativeness heuristic
23
Q
the tendency to overestimate our skills, abilities, and performance when comparing ourselves to others
A
better-than-average effect
24
Q
I think I am a great roller blader, but mathematically, it is impossible for everyone to be a great roller blader, only the top 50% of performers have that privledge.
A
better-than-average effect
25
the tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgements
overconfidence phenomenon
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A student who scored a 65 on a test had anticipated a 80. What does this demonstrate?
the overconfidence phenomenon
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a sense that we "knew it all along" after we learn the actual outcome.
hindsight bias
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"I've had plenty of coworkers who should never have been hired!" is an example of what?
hindsight bias
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a bias in which we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief.
confirmation bias
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I know I am a better-than-average roller blader, I can think of many times when people have commented how good I was and how fast I could skate! This is an example of what?
confirmation bias
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a bias in which we emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing other pieces
focusing effect
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Would your life be better as a celebrity? You may believe that the higher pay and exciting life are the perfect life, but there is little privacy and online haters, our choice to want to be a celebrity consists of the pros but not the cons, what is this an example of?
focusing effect
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extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases
law of small numbers
35
Everyone has a grandfather who smokes, doesn't exercise, eats fatty foods, and drinks alcohol. He may be 94 years old but, his daily regimen is unhealthy and not the suggested health. Therefore, our grandfathers are actually an anomaly that because we did not conduct an experiment with a representation of the target population, our results were skewed compared to if we asked for all relatives over the age of 65 and had a sample of 150. What is this an example of?
law of small numbers
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a case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases: an oddball
outlier
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If the study was redone so that my grandfather was one participant who lived long and had an unhealthy lifestyle, but about 89 other participants had lived long but had a healthy lifestyle, my grandfather could be considered what?
an outlier
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a systematic approach for addressing questions of interest
scientific method
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Aliyah believes her boss is an extremely difficult person. TO see if her belief has merit, she asks all of her coworkers who have also had problems with the boss in the past if they believe the same thing. Aliyah's conclusion based on her "research" into this question may be erroneous because of which flaw in our thinking?
d. confirmation bias
40
Hasan really likes the new Tesla sports car but is undecided about whether to spend the money to buy one. To make his decision easier, he creates a list of 25 reasons why he likes the car. Is this a good idea?
No, listing so many reasons will probably be difficult and can actually make Hasan like the car less.
41
Even after having all of his arguments refuted by his partner, Bryan proclaims that everyone is entitled to their own opinions and he isn't changing his. Bryan is exhibiting which flaw in our thinking?
belief preseverance
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gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, or measurement.
empirical research
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gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods such as the examination of personal experiences and opinions.
nonempirical research
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My friends' and I rely on our own experiences with cramming for our research approach, which are we utilizing?
nonempirical research
45
A random sample of half of my classmates study five hours straight the night before the exam, while the other random sample of half of my classmates studies one hour a day for five days before the exam. Then I compare the groups' scores on a test and their memory of the material several weeks later. Which type of research am I conducting?
empirical research
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recreating another person's study to see if the findings are the same
replication
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Another scientist conducts a study on hot sauce and aggression, after my study on hot sauce and aggression found the hypothesis to be supported. What is the term for what the other scientist is doing?
replication
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the defining characteristic of empirical reasoning is that we use _______ in order to evaluate out ideas about the nature of our world.
systematic observations
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research dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic such as Jean Piaget did with his cognitive stages of development adding to what was already known about the intellectual development of children is what type of research?
basic research
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research dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by improving their quality of life such as how Jean Piaget's research on the cognitive stages of development can be useful to an educational psychologist who is developing new strategies for helping children lead to read is what type of research?
applied research
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claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific method
pseudoscience
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People who extol the virtues of graphology, feng shui, Reiki, essential oils, primal scream therapy, or conversation therapy are actually not validated by evidence from the scientific method and therefore are _______.
pseudoscience
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Arafat is investigating how different strategies for reducing anxiety can improve test performance, while Caleb is studying the impact of stress on memory recall. Even though both are studying memory, Arafat's research would be considered ______ research whereas Caleb's work would be considered ________ research.
applied; basic
54
While scrolling through social media one day, you see a video ad in which a spokesperson wearing a white lab coat starts describing a new medical breakthrough diet that helps people lose 10 pounds a week. As proof, the spokesperson interviews several clients who experienced dramatic weight loss while on this revolutionary diet. You immediately question the effectiveness of the diet because the claims being made appear to be
pseudoscientific
55
Fredrik is applying to be a resident assistant at his college. He believes his leadership abilities are above those of typical applicants. Yet, when asked during his interview to provide examples of times he was a good leader, he cannot think of any. Which of the following explains why he struggled to answer the question?
better-than-average effect
56
When something happens that is the exception to the rule or distinct from the majority of other cases, it is called
an outlier
57
After seeing a scary movie, you begin to wonder how watching such as movie can influence how you feel about the people sitting nearby. For example, could being scared make you feel friendlier toward them? Since you want to test this empirically, which of the following is the best option?
Systematically observe moviegoers sitting in the same set of seats during several types of movies to see which groups act friendlier toward each other.
58
Tulsi wants to determine what people find offensive. She thinks about times that other people have offended her and concludes that which is offensive to her is probably offensive to most people. In this circumstance she is using which of the following to reach her conclusion about others?
introspection
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Based on casual observations rather than rigorous or scientific analysis?
anecdotes
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A car salesperson tells Ruby that a particular model of car is the safest in its class. Ruby does not accept such claims at face value and demands to see the latest safety report. What characteristic of scientific is Ruby displaying?
skepticism
61
A cognitive psychologist is interested in studying memory in the context of eyewitness testimony. What type of research is this?
applied
62
You have just taken a job as a peer tutor for first-year students at your school. You notice that many of the students mistakenly believe that they are doing better than other students in the course, and that they will have no problem catching up if they fall behind. Which two flaws in thinking (in order) are these students expressing?
better-than-average effect; overconfidence
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the process by which other scientific experts in the field review and evaluate the quality of research before it is recorded in a publication
peer review
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We find peer-reviewed scientific articles using research databases such as
PsycINFO (abstracts produced by the APA)
65
Lili is developing a research question for the study she is conducting this semester. She settles on, "What is the meaning of life?" The primary reason that the scientific method cannot be used to answer this question is
direct observation of this topic would be difficult
66
who are the "peers" in the peer-review process?
experts in the field
67
an educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon
hypothesis (specific, educated guess)
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a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some aspect of the world
scientific law
69
What is Weber' Law, of just and noticeable difference, that states the amount that a stimulus must change in intensity for us to perceive the change and example of?
scientific law
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a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation
scientific theory
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which argues there are six different lifespan stages where moral development occurs, an example of?
scientific theory (attempt to explain underlying reasons for phenomena.
72
Sitting outside the student center, Joao sees a student with full hands drop their phone. As they struggle to pick it up, he wonders what would motivate him to help and realizes that he would have helped had he been close to the student. This inspires him to hypothesize that proximity influences the willingness to help someone in need. What was his strategy for developing a good hypothesis?
introspection
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? vagueness, correspondence to reality, falsifiability, or parsimony?
vagueness
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Which of the following characteristics of good hypotheses is important for minimizing our natural flaws in thinking?
falsifiability
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elements that we expect to change or vary, or that can have several different values
variable
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a factor that does not change and remains consistent
constant
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defining a variable in theoretical terms
conceptual definition
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If I define the variable as a mental state of well-being that includes positive emotions, how am I defining it?
conceptual definition
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determining how we will use variables in our study
operational definition
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If I define the variable as the number of smiley-face emojis used in a social media post, or how long a person laughs at a joke, how am I defining it?
operational definition
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a research method in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables.
experimental design
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We predict that playing video games influences happiness, we want to know how playing a video game is responsible for influencing the outcome of happiness. Because we are looking for the why, what type of design is this?
experimental design
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We predict that playing video games influences happiness, we want to know how playing a video game is responsible for influencing the outcome of happiness. What are the independent and dependent variables?
playing video games is our independent variable and happiness is our dependent variable
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the variable that influences the dependent variable. In experiments, the researcher manipulates or controls this variable. In nonexperimental studies, it is the explanatory or predictor variable and is not manipulated by the researcher
independent variable
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the variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable; the outcome or effect. In nonexperimental studies, it is referred to as the criterion or response variable
dependent variable
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a design in which there is no control or manipulation of the independent variable; cause and effect relationships between variables cannot be established; and that refers to the independent variable as the explanatory or predictor variable and the dependent variable as the criterion or response variable. Also known as a correlational design.
nonexperimental design
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If I want to know how children play during recess or how memory changes with age, what design am I going to use?
nonexperimental design
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a potential causal variable in nonexperimental designs. Also known as a predictor variable
explanatory variable
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the outcome variable in nonexperimental designs. Also known as the response variable
criterion variable
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different variations of the independent variable determined by the researcher
levels
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If I have participants play video games for 1 hour or 3 hours before assessing happiness, what would you call the different hours that make up the independent variable?
levels
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a data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the dependent variable only once.
between-subjects design
93
I have one participant play the video game for 1 hour and then I measure their level of happiness. Another participant will play the video game for 3 hours and then I measure their level of happiness. If my hypothesis would compare the two, what design am I using?
between-subjects design
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a data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the dependent variable more than once.
within-subjects design
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the collection of data on participants over a set period of time
longitudinal design
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I have one participant play the video game for 1 hour and then I measure their level of happiness. The same participant will play the video game for 3 hours and then I measure their level of happiness again. If my hypothesis would compare the results what type of design is it?
within-subjects design
97
A market researcher collects reactions to a new cookie before it hits the marketplace. The researcher tells some participants receive no information about the cookie. Next, each participant eats three cookies and then completes a questionnaire assessing their opinions. What is the independent variable in this study?
the types of information provided about the cookie
98
A teacher wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a study strategy to help students learn new vocabulary words. They have some of the students learn the words using a strategy from a teaching journal. The teacher has the rest of the students study using the same approach they ere originally taught. The teacher then administers the vocabulary test to all of the students and compares the results of the two groups. What the of research design is the teacher employing?
a between-subjects design
99
Which of the following is, comparatively, not very effective in helping the results of your study contribute to the scientific knowledge of psychology?
Writing an APA-style paper about your study for your psychology class
100
Which of the following questions is outside of the scope of science?
How do parents influence their children's confidence levels?
What is love?
What do dreams tell us about a person?
Are our lives predestined or predetermined?
Are our lives predestined or predetermined?
101
Masato is having a problem with weeds in his vegetable garden he wants to determine the best way to control the weeds, but wants to approach it empirically. Which of the following is the best example of an empirical approach?
He could try out several different solution one by one to see what works best for him.
102
Dimah is planning her thesis and needs to generate a hypothesis. Because most people seem to think social media is bad for college students, transition to college. Which of the following strategies did Dimah use to generate her hypothesis?
introspection, find the exception, a matter of degree, or change the directionality
find the exception
103
While scrolling through your newsfeed, you come across a personality test that can determine your personality based on a combination of your favorite color, your favorite food, and your favorite hobby. Upon taking the test, you are impressed by how accurate it is. Which of the following likely explains the test's accuracy?
Barnum effect
104
The owner of a coffeehouse wants to know if customers will drink more coffee depending on the smell of the room. To test this the owner hires a psychologist, who sets up three similar rooms, each with its own smell (coffee, cinnamon buns, or bacon and eggs), then arranges to have 30 students spend an afternoon in each room while being allowed to drink all the coffee they like. The amount each participant drinks is recorded for each of the three scents. What is the dependent variable.
amount of coffee consumed
105
Anh and Lorenzo are doing a study to see if puppies and sunshine make people happy. To test this, they randomly assign 500 participants to one of the following conditions: exposure to puppies and sunshine, or no exposure to either puppies or sunshine. Both conditions take place out on the college's quad. Participants complete measures of life satisfaction and general happiness. What is (are) the independent variable(s)?
puppies and sunshine
106
In a study of first-year college students attending a private university in California, researchers examined 56 cisgender men, 88 cisgender women, and 1 transgender woman to determine the influence of relaxation techniques on relieving anxiety associated with starting college. All students received a pamphlet containing information about good sleep habits. Next, half of the participants were taught a breathing exercise while the other half were not. What is the constant?
the sleep-habit pamphlet
107
In an experimental design, the researcher manipulates the ______ and measures the ______
independent variable; dependent variable
108
You see a video online in which a prominent businessperson explains that their experience in a specialized kindergarten class that focused on creativity and individuality is the reason for their success. You decide to test this by following a group of children from age 5 until age 35 to see if their educational experiences correspond with their career success. What type of design would be the best way to study this?
longitudinal
109
A psychologist was hired by a local winery to conduct a taste test of four new wines. For the taste test, the psychologist had 100 participants come into the lab, take a small sip of each wine, and rate the taste on several characteristics. Between each wine, participants ate a small cracker. What type of design did the psychologist use?
within-subjects design
110
the application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions and behavior
ethics
111
a systematic process in which a researcher weighs all the potential and know benefits against all the potential and known risks before conducting a study
cost-benefit analysis
112
actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize benefits in research studies.
beneficence
113
do no harm; an ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants
nonmaleficence
114
a failure to protect the privacy of individuals; a potential risk to participants
loss of confidentiality
115
a guarantee in research studies that individual responses cannot be linked back to individual participants
anonymity
116
Tuskegee breaks beneficence and nonmaleficence by...
causing physical harm to participants (and psychological harm)
117
fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which participants receive the benefits of participation and which bear the burden of risk
justice
118
Tuskegee study broke the ethical principle of justice by...
targeting a vulnerable population and involved significant deception.
119
freely making an informed decision about participation in research
autonomy
120
an active affirmation of a desire to participate from a person who does not have the ability to consent themselves; consent must also be sought from the legal guardian
assent
121
Which of the following would most likely represent an ethical dilemma for a person?
obeying the speed limit, determining whether or not to report your manager at work for stealing from the register, deciding whether or not to adhere to your workplace's dress code, cheating on your income taxes?
determining whether or not to report your manager at work for stealing from the register
122
Selecting only people who are homeless to participate in our study even though we have no real theoretical reason to use this population violate which ethical principle?
Justice
123
An informed consent form should address all of the following except
any potential risks or discomfort to the participant, that the participant's participation is voluntary, that the participant must complete the study to obtain any promised benefits, that their responses will be confidential
that the participant must complete the study to obtain any promised benefits
124
an accomplice of the experimenter
confederate
125
a board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an institution
Institutional Review Board
126
a board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research conducted within an institution and ensures research animals have proper living conditions
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
127
representing others' work or ideas as our own, or without giving proper credit
plagiarism
128
summarizing others' ideas in our own words while providing a proper citation
paraphrase
129
A marriage counselor wants to evaluate the efficacy of a new approach to help couples communicate better in public settings and among strangers. Before this study can be conducted, approval is needed from all of the following groups except
the female participants in the study, the institutional review board, the confederate in the study, the male participants in the study
the confederates in the study
130
Suppose that you are a psychology professor who wants to recruit research participants from your class. Which of the following strategies would be best for recruiting them for your research study?
Offer research participation in your study as one of the options for fulfilling a course requirement. Require your students to participate in the study as part of their educational experience. Suggest to students that they may not do as well in your course if they fail to participate in your study. Offer to exempt any students who participate in your study from the final exam.
Offer research participation in your study as one of the options for fulfilling a course requirement.
131
To ensure confidentiality during a study, which of the following things should a researcher not do?
Assign code numbers to the data, keep the participants' informed consent forms separate from the participants' data. Have participants submit completed surveys in a sealed envelope, include participant identifiers in the data set
Include participant identifiers in the data set
132
Tuskegee breaks respect for persons because...
they could not leave the study, not informed, did not fill out an informed consent form.
133
As a financially challenged college student, you see a flyer on campus about a research study on the impact of sunburns. The advertisement says you will be paid $500 to have 1 inch square of skin on your forearm severely burned with ultraviolet light. You know that sunburns can have long-term consequences (e.g., skin cancer). However, you desperately need the money for textbooks, so you seriously consider participating. What ethical line has this research study violated?
The coercion of voluntary participation
134
Zhang Wei is reading an article and believes that he cannot articulate the topic better than the author already has. However, his instructor said students could not use quotes in their APA-style introductions, Instead of using quotes, Zhang Wei takes the author's sentence and changes one word of it by replacing the word with a synonym. Is this plagiarism and if so, how can he change his work?
The only way for this not to be a case of plagiarism is for Zhang Wei to paraphrase instead.
135
If an experimental psychologist studies learning in pigeons, which of the oversight groups would ethically approve the research?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
136
Hanifah wants to conduct an experiment on the impact of negative feedback on concentration. As part of the procedure, some participants "overhear" another participant, who is actually a confederate, say something negative about them. Which ethical principle should Hanifah be most concerned about?
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
137
Deirdre needs just one more participant to complete her data collection for her undergraduate thesis. The last participant signs the consent form, but halfway through the study, the participant wants to leave. Deirdre tells the participant that they must stay and finish the study, and the participant compiles. What ethical principle has Deirdre violated?
Respect for Persons
138
If a study you conduct involves the purposeful misleading or misdirection of participants, when and how do you notify participants of the deception?
You explain the nature and necessity of the deception in the debriefing at the end of the study.
139
Which of the following would most likely represent an ethical dilemma for a person?
Cheating on an exam, not paying a parking ticket, reporting one's professor to the head of the department for canceling too many classes due to personal reasons, downloading pirated movies from the Internet.
reporting one's professor to the head of the department for canceling too many classes due to personal reasons
140
A journal editor decides to accept for publication only research studies in which the results are statistically significant. Which of the following is not a potential ethical problem resulting from this decision?
There is an increased potential for a file drawer problem(bias to publish only findings that confirm a research's hypothesis, Researchers may be more likely to alter their data to ensure their results are statistically significant, authors may take more liberties in how they present the results to make them appear more impressive. Authors are more likely to plagiarize from other statistically significant studies.
Authors are more likely to plagiarize from other statistically significant studies
