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Path 2 > Exam 1, lungs > Flashcards

Exam 1, lungs Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Which spp have septated lungs

A

Cattle, sheep, pigs

no collateral ventilation

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2
Q

Which spp have non-septated lungs

A

Dogs, cats, rodents, humans

collateral ventilation

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3
Q

Which spp have partial septation

A

Horses

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4
Q

What are the 4 primary respiratory defense mechanisms

A

Particle Deposition- air turbulence; warm, humid nasal turbinate area…these enhance particle deposition; also, the smaller the particle the farther it can travel in the nasal cavity
Mucociliary Escalator- moves particulate matter out of nansal cavity and out of lungs
Alveolar Macrophages
Inflammation and Pulmonary immune response

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5
Q

What are 2 causes of UNILATERAL nasal discharge

A

Infection/inflammation

Neoplasia

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6
Q

Pulmonary congestion in dead animals

A

Hypostatic congestion- gravitational settling of blood postmortem

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7
Q

Causes of pulmonary congestion in living animals

A
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (left sided heart failure)
  • endocarditits of the mitral valve
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8
Q

Causes of pulmonary edema

A
  • increased permeability (epithelial injury, endothelial injury)
  • decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  • lymphatic obstruction
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9
Q

Congenital anomalies of the nasal cavity

A 
Choanal atresia
Cleft palate (aka palatoschisis)
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10
Q

Choanal atresia

A
  • can be unilateral or bilateral
  • communication b/t nasal cavity and nasopharynx fails to form*
  • air flow obstruction/exercise intolerance
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11
Q

Cleft palate (palitoschisis)

A
  • genetic is the most common cause
  • viral infection such as BVDV
  • toxic from too much vit a or lupine consumption
  • sequela- predisposition to aspiration pneumonia; difficulty nursing
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12
Q

Pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs

A
  • Bordatella infection promotes nasal colonization by Pasturella
  • toxigenic strains of Pasturella produce cytotoxins which inhibit osteoblasts and promote osteoclast resorption in nasal bones
  • abnormal bone remodeling results in atrophy of conchae
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13
Q

Pathogenesis of strangles

A

Streptococcus equi colonizes nasal mucosa-> mucopurulent rhinitis-> lymphadenitis in LNs (submandimular and retropharyngeal)-> swelling-> abcessation-> creamy yellow/white pus-> possible complication (20%)-> “metastatic abcesses”-> lungs, kidneys, mesenteric LNs, joints, guttural pouches, brain, external auditory canal = “bastatd strangles”

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14
Q

Pulmonary embolisms are _____ common than thrombosis

A

more

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15
Q

Pulmonary thrombosis can be cause secondary to

A
  • parasites (heartworms in pulmonary artery)
  • endothelial damage (endotoxemia)
  • hypercoagulation disorders (from disease or drug)
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16
Q

Consequences of pulmonary thrombi or emboli

A

lung infarcts, though less frequently than other parts of body b/c of dual blood supply
pre-existing lung disease can increase incidence

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17
Q

What is atelectasis

A

too little air in the lung; can be acquired or congenital

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of atelectasis

A

acquired obstructive, most commonly caused by inflammatory exudate obstructing bronchioles

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19
Q

Pathogenesis of obstructive atelectasis

A

air distal to obstructed bronchiole is resorbed, especially in animals with poor ventilation (spetated lungs- cattle, pigs, sheep)

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20
Q

Which spp are predisposed to interstitial emphysema and why

A

Primarily cattle, but any spp with septated lungs
- forced expiration causes bronchiolar collapse-> air trapped distally in alveoli-> no collateral ventilation-> air filled alveoli rupture and air leaks into interlobular space/septae

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21
Q

What are the risk factors of equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)

A
  • horse is usually around 3-8 yrs old

- housed in a dusty barn (organic dust exposure)

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22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of equine recurrent airway obstruction

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A

organic dust exposure-> mucoid bronchioitis-> mucopurulent bronchiolitis-> bronchopneumonia-> chronic pneumonia with bronchiectasis (dilation), called “heaves” (the chronic pneumonia may be caused by a secondary viral or bacterial infection)

23
Q

What are the 3 morphological patterns of pneumonia

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Bronchopneumonia- inflammatory exudate primarily located in bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal air spaces (alveoli)
  • Interstitial- inflammatory exudate primarily located in the interstitium of alveolar septae
  • Granulamatous- chronic pneumonia characteristically composed of epitheliod macrophages and/or multinucleated giant cells plus other inflammatory cells
24
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of suppurative bronchopneumonia

Study These Flashcards
A

gross- “checkerboard”, normal lobules, mild to severly inflammed lobules, atelectatic lobules
microscopic- neutrophils, cell debris (purulent, pus)

25
Gross and microscopic appearance of fibrinous bronchopneumonia
gross- majority of lobules in lobe are severely inflammed, fibrin within airspaces, interlobular septae, and on plueral surface microscopic- fibrin is a primary component of inflammatory exudate
26
Pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia
- bacteria deposited at junction of terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts (no mucociliary escalator and marked change in air velocity) - inflammation begins at these sites and spreas down into alveoli and retrograde up bronchial tree into other lobules
27
Etiology of suppurative bronchopneumonia
Stress -> virus -> bacteria | bacteria include Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma
28
Etiology of fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Stress -> virus -> bacteria bacteria include Mannheimia haemolytica (cattle- shipping fever), A. pleuropneumonia (pigs), Pasturella multocida (chickens)
29
``` Shipping fever of calves Lesion Cause Age group Clinical signs ```
- severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis - Mannheimia hemolytica - in calves several days/weeks after shipping - high morbidity, low mortality, decreased weight gain, residual chronic pneumonia, called chronic lungers
30
``` Enzootic pnemonia of calves Lesion Cause Age group Clinical signs ```
- suppurative bronchopneumonia (lobular) - multifactoral but most commonly Pasteurella multocida - calves 2-6 m old, intensive housing with poor ventilation - less severe than fibrinous, high morbidity, low mortality, poor weight gain
31
Enzootic bronchopneumonia in pigs Lesion Cause 2 syndromes
- suppurative bronchopneumonia, early- dark red lungs, late- pale gray (fish flesh) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - new infection in clean herd-> disease in all age groups; chronically infected herd-> disease in growing pigs at times of stress (weaning)
32
``` Porcine pleuropneumonia Lesion Cause Age group Clinical signs ```
- severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia, often CAUDODORSAL distribution - Actinobacillus pleuropnemoniae - growing and finishing pigs (8-24 wks) - peracute- sudden death, bloody froth in nostrils/mouth; acute- dyspnea, coughing, fever, anorexia, lethargy; chronic- persistent cough, decreased growth rate
33
Rhodococcus pneumonia Cause Age group Two forms
- Rhodococcus equi - young foals (2-6 m) or immunosuppressed adults - Pyogranulomatous pneumonia-> Acute: rapid death, Chronic: depression, cough, weight loss - Ulcerative enterocolitis, pathogenesis debated
34
Pathogenesis of Rhodococcus pneumonia
Rhodococcus equi inhalation-> phagocytosis by alveolar macrophage-> defective bacterial killing-> macrophage destruction-> release of lysozomal enzymes and bacterial toxins-> pulmonary necrosis-> pyogranuloma formation
35
``` Pleuropneumonia in horses Cause Age group Clinical Signs Lesions ```
- mixed bacteria - typically horses 2-4 yrs old - fever, anorexia, cough, dyspnea - craniaventral pneumonia extending through pluera (often unilateral), marked fibrinous or purulent pleuritis
36
Pleuropneumonia in horses | risk factors and pathogenesis
recent transportation (head tied up), general anesthesia, other stressful events-> these lead to aspiration of mucus/debris or gastric contents-> focal pneumonia-> severe pleuropneumonia
37
What are 2 bacterial causes of pneumonia in dogs
* Bordetella bronchiseptica (most common) | - Streptococcus zooepidemicus
38
``` Mycotic pneumonia (blastomycosis) in dogs Cause Group affected Clinical signs Lesion Ddx ```
- Blastomyces dermatitidis - 2-5 yr old large breed male dogs, Mississippi and Ohio River basins, Central Atlantic states - cough, dyspnea, weight loss, exercise intolerance - granulomatous pneumonia - metastatic neoplasia
39
What is the most common cause of mycotic pneumonia in cats
Cryptococcus neoformans, often secondary to immunosuppression (viral infection)
40
What are 2 viral causes of rhinitis in cats and why are these predisposing factors to bronchopneumonia
- herpes virus I - Calici virus - they cause immunosuppression
41
Name a primary cause of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
Aspiration of gastric contents | lung trauma, toxic gases, viral infections, gram - septicemia
42
Name a secondary cause of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
Pancreatitis | massive tissue trauma
43
What is the pathogenesis of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
initiating event --> neutrophil and macrophage activation --> secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by activated cells --> imbalance of these antagonistic cytokines leads to cellular injury --> capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage --> interstitial pneumonia
44
What is the pathogenesis of toxin-induced interstitial pneumonia in cattle
- eat moldy sweet potatoes which produces a metabolite that is transported to the lungs in blood - in the lungs it is converted to a toxic metabolite by Clara cells and Type II cells cause destruction to those cells
45
What are the lesions associated with Canine Distemper Virus Interstitial Pneumonia
- focal to multifocal interstitial pneumonia - secondary bacterial infections often cause suppurative bronchopneumonia which obscures the initial interstitial pneumonia
46
What is the hallmark cytological feature of canine distemper virus
Epitheial intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions
47
What is the cause of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
Lentivirus infection at birth (non-oncogenic retrovirus)
48
What is the lesion of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
chronic interstitial pneumonia (diffusely firm)
49
What are the 2 most common primary lung tumors
bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma | bronchogenic carcinoma
50
Name 2 metastatic lung tumors
bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma | metastatic hemangiosarcoma
51
What are the 2 most common causes of chronic pleuritis in dogs and cats
Nocardia | Actinomyces
52
What are the 3 most common causes of fibrinous pleuritis in pigs
Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser's disease) Streptococcus suis Mycoplasma hyorhinus
53
Name one neoplasm that affects the pleura
mesothelioma
54
Bronchiectasis
chronically inflamed dilated bronchus

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