Exam 2 Cardio 1 and 2

Question 1

Define congestive heart failure

Answer 1

the heart cannot pump enough blood leading to congestion and edema (blood backs up behind the failing chamber)

Question 2

What lesions are associated with right sided heart failure

Answer 2

hepatic congestion (portal circulation)
ascites
hydropericardium

Question 3

What lesions are associated with left sided heart failure

Answer 3

pulmonary congestion

pulmonary edema

Question 4

What are the most common cardiac anomalies for dogs

Answer 4

patent ductus arteriosus
pulmonic stenosis
subaortic stenosis
persistent right aortic arch

Question 5

What are the most common cardiac anomalies for cats

Answer 5

mitral valve malformation

ventricular septal defect

Question 6

What are the most common cardiac anomalies for cattle

Answer 6

atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
tetralogy of fallot
valvular hematoma

Question 7

What is the most common cardiac anomaly for pigs

Answer 7

subaortic stenosis

Question 8

How does the location of patent ductus arteriosus relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 8

blood shunts from the left ventricle to the right ventricle resulting in pulmonary hypertension
(when very chronic it can switch to shunting from right ventricle to left ventricle, the blood bypasses pulmonary circulation so poor oxygenation)

Question 9

How does the location of atrial septal defect relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 9

blood shunts from left to right, results in right volume overload, see signs of right sided heart failure

Question 10

How does the location of ventricular septal defect relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 10

(usually located beneath the AV valves)
blood shunts from left to right which can lead to hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardium or both right ventricle and left ventricle
outcome depends on size of the hole

Question 11

What are the 4 parts of the tetrology fallot

Answer 11

1. VSD (ventricular septal defect)
2. Overriding aorta
3. Pulmonic stenosis
4. Right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 12

How does the location of tetrology fallot relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 12

1. blood shunts from left to right
2. the aorta is shifted to the center, blood can enter it from either the right ventricle or the left ventricle
3. pulmonary artery is constricted which leads blood out through the aorta more often, to get blood through the pulmonary artery there must be increased pressure which leads to 4. which is compensatory

Question 13

How does the location of pulmonic stenosis relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 13

leads to concentric right valve hypertrophy; is compensatory b/c lumen of pulmonic valve is constricted

Question 14

How does the location of subaortic stenosis relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 14

(it is a fibrous band beneath aortic valve)
Sequela: left ventricle hypertrophy
aortic dilation (post-stenotic)
jet lesions (from high velocity of blood flow)

Question 15

How does the location of mitral valve malformation relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 15

chordae tendinae and valve leaflets are short so don’t close properly
see left sided heart failure- diffuse pulmonary congestion and edema

Question 16

How does the location of congenital valvular hematoma/hematocyst relate to the functional effects it produces

Answer 16

(common in calves, regresses with age)
AV valves affected, no functional consequences
(when it is serum rather than blood, is called lymphocyst)

Question 17

What is the usual presentation of pups with vascular ring anomaly (persistnt right 4th aortic arch)?
Relate this to the pathogenesis

Answer 17

Megaesopagus
- the persistent right 4th aortic arch entraps the esophagus and trachea, by trapping the esophagus normal amounts of food are unable to pass through and on to the stomach

Question 18

Define hydropericardium

What is the underlying cause

Answer 18

• accumulation of watery fluid (transudate) in pericardium
• occurs with dz causing edema
  may be concurrent ascites- right sided heart failure

Question 19

Define hemopericardium

What is the underlying cause

Answer 19

• accumulation of blood in pericardium
  Causes:
• dogs, ruptured right atrium (hemangiosarcoma, idiopathic)
• horses, ruptured aorta (idiopathic, horses under extreme exercise)

Question 20

What is the cause of serous atrophy of pericardial/epicardial fat

Answer 20

cachexia
anorexia
starvation

Question 21

What are the common causes of fibrinous pericarditis in cattle and what is the usual route of infection

Answer 21

Pasteurella multocida
Clostridium chauvoei
Coliform spp
hematogenous spread

Question 22

What are the common causes of fibrinous pericarditis in pigs and what is the usual route of infection

Answer 22

Hemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s dz)
Streptococcus suis
Mycoplasma hyorhinus
hematogenous spread

Question 23

What is the common cause of fibrinous pericarditis in horses and what is the usual route of infection

Answer 23

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

hematogenous spread

Question 24

What is the common cause of fibrinous pericarditis in birds and what is the usual route of infection

Answer 24

Chlamydophila psittaci

hematogenous spread

Question 25

Understand the pathogenesis of TRP and what lesion occurs in the pericardium

Answer 25

TRP is traumatic reticuloperitonitis - a piece of metal is swallowed by the cattle, it stops in the reticulum where it penetrates through the wall of the reticulum, the diaphragm, and the pericardium (sometimes it penetrates the heart) - this leads to suppurative pericarditis, in severe cases there may be a thick mat of fibrinous exudate

Question 26

Chronic suppurative pericarditis due to TRP can progress to constrictive pericarditis, what is the functional consequence?

Answer 26

heart can't expand, leads to congestive heart failure, see right sided failure first

Question 27

What are the major causes of diffuse endocardial fibrosis?

Answer 27

``` congenital fibroelastosis (Burmese cats) *dilated cardiomyopathy (dogs) ```

Question 28

What are the major causes of focal endocardial fibrosis?

Answer 28

jet lesions secondary to valvular insufficiency (atrial endocardium)

Question 29

What is the pathogenesis of endocardial mineralization (metastatic calcification)

Answer 29

prolonged hypercalcemia leads to deposits of mineral in the endocardium or Vit D toxicosis b/c increasing Vit D makes the body mobilize more Ca

Question 30

What are the common causes of endocardial mineralization

Answer 30

Vitamin D toxicosis (large animals) Renal failure - hypercalcemia (dogs and cats) Johne's disease (cattle- macrophages secrete vitamin D analog)

Question 31

What is the pathogenesis of myocardial mineralization (dystrophic calcification)

Answer 31

usually related to necrosis of myocytes | nutritional cardiomyopathy from selenium deficiency is a good first rule out

Question 32

What are the common causes of myocardial mineralization

Answer 32

nutritional myopathy toxins ischemia "brain-heart" syndrome (brain or spinal cord injury resulting in myocardial necrosis due to massive and sudden catecholamine release

Question 33

What is endocardiosis What are the morphological features What is the cause What are the consequences

Answer 33

- valvular degeneration - nodular, smooth, glistening - mitral valve murmur - atrial dilation, jet lesions, atrial rupture

Question 34

What is endocarditis What are the morphological features What is the cause What are the consequences

Answer 34

- inflammation of the endocardium (vegetative valvular endocarditis) - rough, dull, granular - bacteremia, turbulent blood flow (allows bacteria to settle at valve) - valvular insufficiency resulting in left sided heart failure, septic emboli (right side- in lung, left side, in heart or anywhere in systemic circulation)

Question 35

What is the morphological pattern of injury for myocardial necrosis, what are the common causes

Answer 35

- hypertrophy usually in papillary muscles or in the right atrium, is compensatory (concentric hypertrophy) - toxicity, left-sided vegetative valvular endocarditis, brain or spinal injury

Question 36

What is the morphological pattern of injury for myocarditis, what are the common causes

Answer 36

- lesion is multifocal pale regions in the myocardium that extend deep into it - secondary to vegetative vulvar endocarditis of the mitral or atrial valve with septic emboli lodging along the coronary arteries