exam 1:mendelian inheritance

Question 1

what is genetics?

Answer 1

the science of heredity

Question 2

what is heredity?

Answer 2

the passing of biological, genetic info (DNA) to offspring

Question 3

what type of “ploid” are humans

Answer 3

diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)
-1 set from mom
-1 set from dad

Question 4

how do the chromosomes become gametes

Answer 4

SPLIT–> one set of chromosomes goes to one gamete & the other set goes to the other gamete
(1 from mom and 1 from dad)

Question 5

what bond holds the 4 DNA bases tgt

Answer 5

hydrogen bond
-not a type of covalent bond
-held tgt by electronegativity (opposite charges)

G-C (3 hydrogen bonds)
A-T (2 hygrogen bonds)

Question 6

what type of gene makes up the majority of the genome?

Answer 6

non-coding gene

Question 7

gene/locus

Answer 7

specific region of DNA
(may or may not code for polypeptide)

Question 8

where are the genes/loci located

Answer 8

on chromosomes

Question 9

what is a genome

Answer 9

all chromosomes within a cell

Question 10

the order of DNA nomenclature

Answer 10

gene/locus–>chromosomes–>genome

Question 11

what is the central dogma

Answer 11

DNA replication—> DNA

DNA —-transcription—>RNA—translation—> Protein

Question 12

how are amino acids codes for

Answer 12

by triplets of DNA/ codon of DNA nucleotides (transcribed to RNA)

Question 13

what are polypeptides made up

Answer 13

string of amino acids
-held tgt by peptide bonds

Question 14

what are proteins made up of

Answer 14

one/more polypeptides folded tgt (3D structure)

Question 15

why do shapes of proteins matter

Answer 15

determine the function

Question 16

what part of aa that drives its function

Answer 16

the r-groups (how polypeptides folds)

Question 17

facts abt proteins

Answer 17

-drives biological functions in all living organisms
-DNA codes for polypeptides which form proteins
-SO, DNA= instructions for biological function (blueprint of life)

Question 18

“junk” DNA vs coding DNA

Answer 18

-theres no junk dna, they are non-coding DNA

-coding DNA: coding DNA, gets into proteins (transcribes+ translated)

Question 19

*What’s the important of having both DNA and RNA?

Answer 19

1.having both allows for genetic amplification
-making multiple copies of a gene

2.stability:
-RNA unstable, mutates easily (have 2 OHs groups)
-DNA stable, only 1 Oh group

Question 20

central dogma

Answer 20

DNA —transcription—->RNA—-translation—>protein

all living things follow it
->suggest we are evolved from a common ancestor

Question 21

all living things only have 4 nucleotides, 20 aa’s, and evolved from the single ancestor, how is there diversity

Answer 21

genome evolution
-increase the complexity of gene due to gene dupilcation=
as long there are multiple copies and a gene and those genes continue to serve a purpose, mutations are likely to occur
-gene rearrangements where the genes are similar but have differnt products

Question 22

where duplication occur for genome evolution? how do they interact?

Answer 22

occurs in
1: errors in DNA replication
2. uneven crossing over during meiosis (recombinant: homologs chromosomes-> equal and opposite)

interact by crossing over

Question 23

what did gregor mendel studied and why?

Answer 23

he use pea plants and predict specific physical features passed from parents to offspring

why? bc he wanted to increase yield of the pos traits and avoid the neg

Question 24

what was gregor mendel’s greastest contribution?

Answer 24

discovered a predictable pattern of inheritance based on random (what offspring would look like based on the parents) assortment of “genetic particles” (genes)

Question 25

artificial selection

Answer 25

based on humans selection where organisms w/ undesirable traits are killed and bred those with desireable traits

Question 26

misconceptions of inheritance

Answer 26

1. one parent contributed more than the other to the offspring (unequal contribution)
   -did reciprocal crosses to dispell myth
2. parental traits blended tgt in offspring and were permanently changed
   “blending inheritance”’

Question 27

why did mendel work with peas

Answer 27

1. easy to grow
2. easy to control fertilizations
3. easy to produce and screen large numbers of offspring quickly
   *traits are “mutually exclusive”-“either/or”traits (cant be both)
   unlikely continuously varible:everything in between

Question 28

what does true breeding mean

Answer 28

when self fertilized, parents always produce offspring look exactly like themselves
homologous for the trait

Question 29

*mendel 1st law: law of segregation

Answer 29

during gamete formation,
a pair of alleles from each parent separate and give the offspring one alle

*def:
-2 alleles for each trait separate when gametes are formed (only 1 alle is contained in each gamete)
-alleles reunite at random- 1 from each parent via fertilization

Question 30

mendels crosses predict phenotype, how can you tell their genotypes

Answer 30

test cross

Question 31

*mendel’s 2 law: law of independent assortment

Answer 31

during gamete formation, diff pairs of alleles separate (assort) independenly
-presence of 1 specific allele does not affect presence of another

Question 32

the different between mendels 1st and 2nd law

Question 33

what is mendelian inheriance

Answer 33

1 gene control 1 trait

Question 34

how to we follow the pattern of inheritane( like diseases) in humanss

Answer 34

pedigree analysis

Question 35

pattern of inheritance: recessive

Answer 35

2 unaffected parents, one or more affected child
-this means that the homozygous recessive genotypes have the “disease”

Question 36

pattern of inheritance: dominant

Answer 36

2 affected parents, at least one unaffected child
-this means that the ones that is affceted are homozygous recessive