Exam 1 module 1 chapter 1 Flashcards
General, non-med information
Pharmacokinetics
How mediations travel through the body
Absorbtion
Transmission of medications from location of administration to the bloodstream
Types of absorbtion
Oral, GI tract sublingual/Buffalo, mucous membranes- other, rectal, vagi al inhalation, I trader also/topical, subcutaneous/intramuscular Intravenous
Most commonly route of administration
Enteral- through GI and parenteral- by injection
Barriers to absorption and absorption pattern for oral
Barriers: meds must pass through later of epithelial cells that line GI tract
Pattern: vary greatly D/t Stability and solubility of meds GI PH and emptying time Presence of food in stomach/intestines Concurrent meds Forms of meds (enteric coated, liquids) fluids
Barriers and pattern or sublingual / Buffalo absorption
Barriers: swallowing before dissolution allows gastric Ph to inactivate meds
Pattern: quick absorbtion systemically through highly vascular mucous membranes
Barriers and pattern of absorption of other mucous membranes (rectal/vaginal)
Barriers: stools or Infectious material limiting tissue contact
Pattern: easy absorption with both local and systemic effects
Inhalation mouth or nose. Barriers and pattern
Barriers: inspiration effort
Pattern: rapid absorption through a dollar capillary networks
Intradermal/ topical barriers and pattern
Barriers: close proximity epidermal cells
Pattern: slow gradual absorption; effects primarily local but systemic as well especially with lipid soluble medication passing through subq fatty tissue
Subcutaneous/ intramuscular barriers and pattern
Barrier: capillary walls have large spaces between cells therefore no significant barriers
Pattern : solubility of meds in water: high soluble
Meds have rapid absorption 10-30min
Poor soluble meds have slow absorption
Blood perfusion/ high=fast low= slow
Intravenous barriers/patterns
No barriers
Pattern:immediate enters directly to blood
Complete reaches blood in its entirety
Distribution def
The transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids
Factors influencing distribution
Circulation
Permeability of cell membrane plasma protein binding
Permeability influence on distribution
Medication must be able to pass through tissues and membranes to reach target area
Lipid soluble meds or those with transport system can cross blood brain barrier and placenta
Plasma protein binding distribution factors
Meds compete for protein binding sites w in bloodstream primarily albumin. Ability of med to bond to protein affects how much of med will leave and travel to target tissue
Two meds can compete for same binding site= toxicity
Metabolism
Aka bio transformation
Changes meds into less active or inactive form by action of enzymes
Occurs in: liver primarily
Also: Kinsey’s lungs intestines and blood
Factors Influencing rate of metabolism of medication
Age
Increase in some medication metabolizing enzymes
First pass effect
Similar metabolic pathways nutrition status
outcomes of metabolism
increased renal excretion of medication, inactivation of medications, increased therapeutic effect, activation of premedication’s into active forms, dec. toxicity when active forms of meds become inactive; increased toxicity when inactive forms of med. become active forms
excretion
elimination of meds from body
where does drug elimination take place
primarily kidney’s
also: liver, lungs, intestines, exocrine glands (breast milk)
minimum effective concentration (MEC)
min amount of medication required to create therapeutic effect
medication dosing attempts to regulate medication response to maintain plasma levels between
min. effective concentration and the toxic concentration
therapeutic index
depends on if drug has high or low therapeutic index; route of administration
nursing process
assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
