Exam 1 Module 1 cont.- general info Flashcards
1
Q
nurses should monitor the following medication effects:
A
contradictions and cautious use, therapeutic response, adverse side effects, therapeutic index, drug concentration, clients condition, interactions
2
Q
tolerance
A
a decreasing response to repeated drug doses
3
Q
dependence
A
either the physiological or psychological need for a drug
4
Q
components of medication prescriptions
A
client full name date/time of prescription name of med strength/dosage route of admin time/frequency of admin (exact times or # per day) quantity to dispense and number of refills signature of prescriber
5
Q
rights of medication administration
A
right client right medication right dose right time right route
right documentation right client education right to refuse right assessment right evaluation
6
Q
preventing medication errors
A
thorough assessment, verify patient information, confirm medication , avoid abbreviations,
7
Q
three methods for dosage calculations
A
ratio and proportions, formula, dimensional analysis
8
Q
1MG= Xmcg
A
1mg=1,000mcg
9
Q
1g= X mg
A
1g=1,000mg
10
Q
1kg= Xg
A
1kg=1,000g
11
Q
1oz=xml
A
1oz=30ml
12
Q
1L=Xml
A
1L=1,000ml
13
Q
1tsp=xml
A
1tsp=5ml
14
Q
1tbs=xml
A
1tbps=15ml
15
Q
1tbsp=xtsp
A
1tbsp= 3tsp
16
Q
1kg=xlb
A
1kg=2.2lb
17
Q
1gr=xmg
A
1gr=60mg
18
Q
rounding up guidlines
A
if the number to the right is = or > than 5, round up
19
Q
rounding down
A
if number to right is less than 5, round down
20
Q
rounding for doses less than 1.0
A
round to nearest hundredth;
21
Q
round this .746ml
A
.75ml
22
Q
round this .743
A
.74ml
23
Q
desired dose
A
dose the nurse should administer
24
Q
how is dosage calculated for neonates/pediatrics
A
weight based- milligrams per kilogram
25
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and exertion are ___ in neonates/pediatrics
decreased
26
drugs transfer through placenta by
diffusion
27
when is the greatest danger for drug induced developmental defects in pregnant women?
first trimester
28
drug transfer is more likely d/t enhanced BF in which trimester
last
| = greatest % risk of maternally absorbed drug to fetus
29
drugs in pregnancy rated A,B,C,D,X
a- no risk
b- no risk in animals
C- if benefit outweighs risk, harmful effects seen in animals
D- harm on fetus in humans, only use din life threatening situations
X- strictly prohibited in pregnancy
30
ploypharmacy
use of many different medication and OTC meds; increasing interactions and ADRs
31
why are there greater medication errors in older adults?
poor memory, polypharmacy, poor vision or dexterity,
32
physiological changes for medications in older adults
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion decreased/slowed
33
drug polymorphism
the effects of a patients age, gender, size, body comp, and other charact have on a specific drug
34
pharmakinetics and pharmacodynamics cultural aspects
different cultures have diff body reactions to certain medications, cytochrome T enzyme variation
35
drug approval process
pre-clinical
| clinical phases 1-4
36
phase 1
done on health subjects, determines dosage range and need for further testing
37
pre-clinical
in vitro and animal studies
38
phase 2
sick subjects, determines effectiveness and ADRs
39
phase 3
large groups, identifies rare ADRs and safety, controlled study/placebo blind studies to minimize bias
40
phase 4
post market study, black box warnings
41
black box warnings
strictest warnings from FDA, indicates serious adverse effects that have been reported
42
3 classes of recalls
1-most serious- likely serious ARD or death
2-less severe- may result in temp or reversible health effects
3- least severe
43
controlled substances catagories
schedule 1-5
1- most potential for abuse- no medical qualities
5- lowest potential
44
nurse practice acts
state laws that define the scope of nursing practice
45
American nurse association and international council of nurses (ICN)
developed standards that describe scope, fx, role of nurse and establish clinical practice standards
46
HIPAA
health insurance portability and accountability act - protects patient information/standards for handling patient information
47
autonomy
self-determination and ability to act on ones own, promotes decision making
48
beneficence
ethical principle of doing or actively promoting good
49
nonmaleficence
duty to do no harm to a patient, avoid any deliberate harm while tendering nursing care
50
veracity
the duty to tell the truth
51
idiosyncratic reaction
adverse reaction when med has unintended affect
52
drug interactions
can result in incompatibility- commonly with parenteral drugs
53
adverse drug event
undesirable occurrence r/t admin or failure to admin a med
54
adverse drug reaction
unexpected, unintended or excessive response to med admin at therapeutic dose
55
allergic reaction
immunologic reaction from sensitivity of patient
56
idiosyncratic reaction
abnormal/unexpected response often d/t genetics
57
medication errors def
preventable adverse drug event by patient or HC provider may or may not cause harm
58
most common medication errors
most occur d/t breakdown in medication use system not the fault of individual
59
near miss
almost made a error but didn't follow through
60
how to prevent medication errors?
```
check med order 3x
9 rights of medication administration
2 patient identifiers
do not admin if you didnt draw it up
use generic names
check allergies, verify current meds
mand re-calculation of high risk drugs
educate patients
report errors
medication reconciliation
```
61
when do you complete medication reconciliation
admission, transfer w/in or between facilities, discharge, or status change
62
3 steps of medication reconsilliation
verification (OTC and herbal)
clarification (dose/meds)- by doctor
reconciliation
63
when does discharge planning and teaching begin?
upon admission
