exam 1 osteology

Question 1

what are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues

Question 2

what is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 2

osteoblast– form bone
osteocyte– maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast– remodel bone

Question 3

what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 3

glycosaminoglycans

Question 4

what is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 4

collagen type I

Question 5

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 5

hydroxyapatite

Question 6

what is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 6

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 7

what are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living?

Answer 7

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

Question 8

what is bone the embryological derivative of?

Answer 8

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 9

what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 9

intramembranous ossification

Question 10

what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 10

from the second to third month in utero

Question 11

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 11

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 12

what part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 12

chondrocranium

Question 13

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 13

the clavicle

Question 14

what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 14

sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 15

what are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bones?

Answer 15

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

Question 16

what are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal II?

Answer 16

heterotopic and accessory bone

Question 17

what is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

Answer 17

heterotopic bone

Question 18

what is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 18

accessory bone

Question 19

what is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

Answer 19

it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

Question 20

what are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

Answer 20

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

Question 21

what is the primary characteristic of short bones?

Answer 21

they are essentially cuboidal

Question 22

what are examples of short bones?

Answer 22

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

Question 23

what are examples of flat bones?

Answer 23

the parietal bone and sternum

Question 24

what are examples of pneumatic bone?

Answer 24

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal

Question 25

what is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

Answer 25

the bone develops within a tendon

Question 26

what are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

Answer 26

patella and pisiform

Question 27

what are examples of heterotopic bone?

Answer 27

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart and ligaments

Question 28

what are examples of accessory bone?

Answer 28

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

Question 29

what are the four basic surface feature categories?

Answer 29

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets

Question 30

when do the surface features of bone become prominent?

Answer 30

during and after puberty

Question 31

what are the types of osseous linear elevation?

Answer 31

the line, ridge and crest

Question 32

what are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

Answer 32

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

Question 33

what are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

Answer 33

spine and process

Question 34

what are the categories of osseous depressions?

Answer 34

linear and rounded depressions

Question 35

what are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

Answer 35

notch or incisure, groove and sulcus

Question 36

what are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

Answer 36

fovea and fossa

Question 37

what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

Answer 37

ostium or orifice and hiatus

Question 38

what are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

Answer 38

foramen or canal

Question 39

what is the definition of an osseous foramen?

Answer 39

an ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

Question 40

what is the definition of an osseous canal?

Answer 40

an ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

Question 41

what is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 41

meatus

Question 42

what is the definition of an osseous fissure?

Answer 42

an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

Question 43

what are the categories of osseous facets?

Answer 43

flat facets and rounded facets

Question 44

what are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

Answer 44

articular heads and articular condyles