exam 1 vertebral column/spinal column

Question 1

what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?

Answer 1

33 segments

Question 2

what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?

Answer 2

26 segments

Question 3

what constitutes the spine?

Answer 3

the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Question 4

which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

Answer 4

the ant-bear and three-toed sloth

Question 5

which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

Answer 5

the manatee and two-toed sloth

Question 6

what does the term “cervical” refer to?

Answer 6

the region of the neck

Question 7

what does the term “thoracic” refer to?

Answer 7

breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

Question 8

what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

Answer 8

the dorsal segments; dorsals

Question 9

what does the term “lumbar” refer to?

Answer 9

the loin; the region between the rib and the hip

Question 10

what does the term “sacrum” refer to?

Answer 10

the holy bone or holy region

Question 11

what does the term “coccyx” refer to?

Answer 11

a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak

Question 12

what is the length of a typical male spinal column?

Answer 12

about 70 cm or 28 inches

Question 13

what is the length of a typical female spinal column?

Answer 13

about 60 cm or 25 inches

Question 14

what is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?

Answer 14

about 3 inches

Question 15

what is the length of the male cervical region?

Answer 15

about 12 cm or 5 inches

Question 16

what is the length of the male thoracic region?

Answer 16

about 28 cm or 11 inches

Question 17

what is the length of the male lumbar region?

Answer 17

about 18 cm or 7 inches

Question 18

what is the length of the male sacrum?

Answer 18

about 12 cm or 5 inches

Question 19

based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?

Answer 19

about 58 cm or 23 inches

Question 20

how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?

Answer 20

ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template

Question 21

what levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh-bearing transfer?

Answer 21

S1-S3 at the auricular surface

Question 22

what is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?

Answer 22

comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc

Question 23

what organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?

Answer 23

the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

Question 24

invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?

Answer 24

notochord

Question 25

what is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?

Answer 25

paraxial mesoderm

Question 26

name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite?

Answer 26

sclerotome, myotome and dermatome

Question 27

what are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?

Answer 27

membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous

Question 28

migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

Answer 28

the perichordal blastema

Question 29

the perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes

Answer 29

neural processes and costal processes

Question 30

what is the name of the arery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?

Answer 30

intersegmental artery

Question 31

what forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?

Answer 31

the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)

Question 32

the intrasclerotomal fissure gives rise to what developmental feature?

Answer 32

the perichordal disc

Question 33

the union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial slerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?

Answer 33

the vertbral blastema

Question 34

what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema

Answer 34

the segmental artery

Question 35

when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertbral blastema?

Answer 35

beginning in the 6th embryonic week

Question 36

what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?

Answer 36

chondrification

Question 37

how many center of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?

Answer 37

six-- 2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches, 2 for each transverse process

Question 38

what is the earliest time that center of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?

Answer 38

during the 7th embryonic week

Question 39

what is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 39

primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth

Question 40

what is the ration of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

Answer 40

3 primary centers | 5 secondary centers

Question 41

what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

Answer 41

centrum centers and neural arch centers

Question 42

what are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

Answer 42

tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers

Question 43

what is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebrae?

Answer 43

during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old

Question 44

what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

Answer 44

cervical-- rectangular thoracic-- triangular lumbar-- reniform

Question 45

what is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

Answer 45

superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim

Question 46

what is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?

Answer 46

the lamina-pedicle junction

Question 47

what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?

Answer 47

cervical-- posterolateral thoracic-- posterior, slight lateral lumbar-- posterior

Question 48

what ligament will attach to the lamina?

Answer 48

the ligamentum flavum

Question 49

what is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 49

para-articular process

Question 50

what classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?

Answer 50

accessory bone

Question 51

what is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?

Answer 51

shingling

Question 52

what is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?

Answer 52

cervical-- articular pillar | thoracic and lumbar-- pars interarticularis

Question 53

what is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray?

Answer 53

the spinolaminar junction

Question 54

what is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?

Answer 54

cervical-- anterolateral thoracic-- posterolateral lumbar-- lateral

Question 55

all non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?

Answer 55

the costal element

Question 56

what will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?

Answer 56

cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position

Question 57

what will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?

Answer 57

the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward

Question 58

what is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of the vertebral couple?

Answer 58

the zygapophysis

Question 59

what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 59

the inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum

Question 60

what will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 60

the inferior vertebral notch or interior vertebral incisure

Question 61

what will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 61

the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure

Question 62

what will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 62

the vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 63

what is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?

Answer 63

calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process and the horizontal plane

Question 64

what is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?

Answer 64

imbrication

Question 65

what is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?

Answer 65

cervical-- slight angle inferiorly thoracic-- noticeable angle inferiorly lumbar-- no inferior angle