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Block 1: Pharmacology > Exam 1 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

ED50?

A

Effective Dose 50% (People)

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2
Q

LD50?

A

Lethal Dose 50% (Animals)

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3
Q

TD50?

A

Toxic Dose 50% (People)

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4
Q

Want ____ TD50 and ____ ED50?

A

-High TD50
-Low ED50

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5
Q

Therapeutic Index?

A

(LD50/ED50) = (TD50/ED50)

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6
Q

Tachyphylaxis?

A

Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

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7
Q

Continuous exposure with Agonists may?

A

Decrease number of receptors

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8
Q

Continuous exposure with Antagonists may?

A

Increase number of receptors

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9
Q

Agonist?

A

Drug or ligand that produces same signal from same site

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10
Q

Partial Agonist?

A

Agonist that is unable to induce maximal activation

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11
Q

Antagonist?

A

Drug that binds to site and blocks/dimishes signal (Does not initiate response on own)

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12
Q

Competitive Antagonist?

A

Reversible (can overcome)

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13
Q

Non-Competitive Antagonist?

A

Irreversible (cannot overcome)

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14
Q

General Anesthesia is made up of?

A

-Inhaled Drugs (Volatile Liquid and Gas)
-Intravenous Drugs

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15
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Inhaled Drugs)
Volatile Liquid?

A

(HIDES)
-Halothane
-Isoflurane
-Desflurane
-Enflurane
-Sevoflurane

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16
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Inhaled Drugs)
Gas?

A

(NO)
Nitric Oxide

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17
Q

(General Anesthesia)
Intravenous Drugs?

A

(“Too Many People Miss IV”)
-Thiopental
-Midazolam
-Propofol
-Morphine

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18
Q

Local Anesthesia?

A

(CAINE)
(2 I’s = Amide)
-Cocaine
-Procaine
-Tetracaine
-Lidocaine
-Bupivacaine

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19
Q

With General Anesthesia you lose which sensations?

A

-Unconsciousness (Asleep)
-Analgesia (No Pain)
-Amnesia (No Memory)
-Loss of Reflexes (Don’t move)

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20
Q

General Anesthesia is administered via?

A

1) Intravenous (very quick to put a patient asleep)
2) Inhalation (Maintain

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21
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Inhaled)
Volatile Liquid ___ at room temperature?

A

Volatile Liquid evaporates at room temperature

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22
Q

Analgesic?

A

No Pain

23
Q

(General Anesthesia)
Intravenous?

A

-Barbiturates (thiopental) Hypnotic
-Benzodiazepines (midazolam) Amnesic
-Phenols (propofol) Very short half life
-Opioids (morphine) Analgesic

24
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Intravenous)
Barbiturates?

A

(Thiopental)
-Short acting for loss of consciousness
-Poor analgesic (may increase pain)
-Decreases circulation and respiration
-Hypnotic

25
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Intravenous)
Benzodiazepines?

A

(Midazolam, Diazepam)
-Amnesic (don’t remember)
-Cause sedation, a reduction in anxiety and amnesia
-NOT analgesic (no pain relief)
-Alone cause decrease in circulation and respiration
-Prolong post-recovery

26
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Intravenous)
Phenols?

A

Propofol
(Very Short Half Life)

27
Q

(General Anesthesia)
(Intravenous)
Opioids?

A

(Morphine, Fentanyl)
-Analgesic
-Pain Relief
-Decrease in BP, Ventilation, Respiratory
-Increase chest wall rigidity
-Nausea and vomiting

28
Q

Intravenous Drugs tend to ____ blood pressure?

A

Reduce Blood Pressure

29
Q

Most dangerous drugs approved for general use?

A

Inhalational Anesthetics
(Therapeutic Indices ranges from 2-4)

30
Q

Elimination of Inhalational Anesthetics occurs in?

A

Lungs

31
Q

MAC?

A

(Minimum Alveolar Concentration)
Concentration that results in immobility in 50% of patients

32
Q

Drug is more Lipophilic?

A

Less drug needed to produce Anesthesia

33
Q

Prime Target for most General Anesthesia?

A

GABAa receptors (ion channels)

34
Q

Anesthetics work by influencing?

A

Synaptic Transmission (Ion-Gated)

34
Q

Dantrolene?

A

Muscle Relaxer, used for Malignant Hyperthermia

35
Q

Nitrous Oxide?

A

Analgesic (NO pain)
(Very low potency)
(Always combine with something else)

36
Q

Propofol?

A

-Oil at room temperature
-Fast
-Short Half-Life
-Decrease arterial pressure (vasodilation)
-Apnea and pain at site
-“Day Surgery”
-Lipid Soluble

37
Q

Flumazenil?

A

(Antagonist)
Reverses action of Benzodiazepines, so you wake up

38
Q

Naloxone?

A

(Antagonist)
Used for opioid overdoses

38
Q

Reversibly block impulse conduction along nerve axons, that use sodium channels?

A

Local Anesthetics
(block pain sensation)

39
Q

Esters?

A

(CPT)
(Not intended for Systemic Circulation)
-Cocaine (vasoconstrictor)
-Procaine (vasodilator)
-Tetracaine (vasodilator)

40
Q

Amide?

A

(2 I’s Amides)
-Lidocaine (vasodilator)
-Bupivacaine (vasodilator)

40
Q

Local Anesthetics are ____ Bases?

A

Weak Bases

41
Q

CPT has a ____ half-life?

A

Short Half-Life (Esters)

42
Q

Histamines are made by _______, metabolized by _______?

A

-L-histidine decarboxylase

-N-methyltransferase

43
Q

Increase Histamine, Increase?

A

cGMP

44
Q

Increase Histamine, Decrease?

A

cAMP

45
Q

H1?

A

(Smooth muscle, neurons)
1) Vasodilation (edema)
2) Itching and Cough Reflex
3) Bronchoconstriction

46
Q

H2?

A

(Gastric mucosa, heart, mast cells, neurons)
1) Increases gastric acid secretion
2) Allergic reaction
3) Increases HR and contractility

47
Q

Antihistamines are?

A

Inverse Agonists of H1 (G protein-coupled receptors)
(Block production of cGMP)

47
Q

Antihistamines are more effective?

A

Before onset of allergy

48
Q

First Generation of Antihistamines?

A

(Hi Drowsy Children)
(CROSS BBB)
-Chlorpheniramine
-Diphenhydramine (most sedative)
-Hydroxyzine
(Cause sedation and block muscarinic receptors causing dry mouth, tachycardia, blurred vision)

49
Q

Second Generation of Antihistamines?

A

(CALF)
(DO NOT CROSS BBB)
-Cetirizine
-Azelastine (intranasal)
-Loratadine
-Fexofenadine
(ONLY for Allergies)
(GPCR)

Block 1: Pharmacology (9 decks)

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