Exam 1 Part 2

Question 1

herbaceous stems are organized into 6 areas:

Answer 1

epidermis
cortex
pith
primary xylem
primary phloem
cambium layer

Question 2

stem epidermis

Answer 2

cells arising from protoderm; covered by cuticle

Question 3

glabrous stems

Answer 3

without hairs, smooth and often shiny

Question 4

pubescent stems

Answer 4

small epidermal hairs

Question 5

cortex & pith

Answer 5

arise from ground meristem; may have starch reserves and structural roles

Question 6

stem xylem

Answer 6

conduct water and dissolved minerals from roots to rest of plant

Question 7

stem phloem

Answer 7

distributes food from photosynthetic tissue to other tissues

Question 8

solenostele

Answer 8

present in some eudicots; vascular tissue appears as continuous ring

Question 9

eustele

Answer 9

present in most eudicots; vascular bundles discrete but in a circle

Question 10

atactostele

Answer 10

present in most monocots; vascular bundles scattered through stem

Question 11

sieve cells

Answer 11

arranged end-to-end in columns; make up phloem tissue

Question 12

companion cells

Answer 12

located next to sieve cells, keep sieve cells alive

Question 13

xylem tissue

Answer 13

composed of water-conducting cells, fibers, and parenchyma cells

Question 14

tracheids

Answer 14

found in all vascular plants, have thinner cell walls

Question 15

vessel elements

Answer 15

found in angiosperms and gymnosperms, thick cell walls

Question 16

vascular cambium has two types of cells:

Answer 16

fusiform initials and ray initials

Question 17

fusiform intials

Answer 17

cells inside > secondary xylem
cells outside > secondary phloem
cells sideways > add more cells to meristem

Question 18

ray initials

Answer 18

forms vascular rays

Question 19

stem periderm

Answer 19

cork cambium’s three layers: phellem cells (outside), phelloderm cells (inside), meristematic cells (center)

Question 20

zone of division

Answer 20

root apical meristem divides to create primary meristematic tissue

Question 21

zone of elongation

Answer 21

newly divided cells grow longitudinally

Question 22

zone of maturation

Answer 22

root hairs form and help absorb water and minerals

Question 23

quiescent center

Answer 23

area of the RAM that divide at an extremely low rate

Question 24

root primary tissues:

Answer 24

epidermis
cortex
vascular cylinder
pericycle

Question 25

endodermis

Answer 25

inner layer of cortex; helps control mineral accumulation

Question 26

casparian strip

Answer 26

waxy material embedded in the transversal and radial walls of epidermal cells

Question 27

vascular cylinder

Answer 27

differentiates from procambium; consists of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pericycle

Question 28

in eudicots, vascular tissue is...

Answer 28

X shaped in the center

Question 29

in monocots, vascular tissue...

Answer 29

forms a ring around the central pith

Question 30

protoxylem

Answer 30

first xylem element to mature capable of transporting water while elongating

Question 31

metaxylem

Answer 31

mature after cell elongation is completed forms thick secondary walls for water and mineral transport

Question 32

phloem

Answer 32

form in area between protoxylem arms first part of vascular system to become functional

Question 33

lateral root primordia

Answer 33

forms new cells

Question 34

secondary phloem forms inner bark, pushing pericycle outwards and...

Answer 34

remaining pericycle becomes cork cambium

Question 35

leaf blades increase...

Answer 35

surface area for photosynthesis

Question 36

true leaves arise from

Answer 36

leaf primordia

Question 37

guard cells

Answer 37

surround stomata and control opening size

Question 38

subsidiary cells

Answer 38

support guard cells

Question 39

trychomes

Answer 39

hairs that can secrete substances

Question 40

in relaxed state, guard cells...

Answer 40

lie parallel to each other

Question 41

when there's no light...

Answer 41

stomata remain closed

Question 42

palisade cells

Answer 42

differentiated from ground meristem main tissue for photosynthesis

Question 43

spongy cells

Answer 43

differentiated from ground meristem allow diffusion of gasses from stomata

Question 44

veins consist of vascular bundles that...

Answer 44

form a network of xylem and phloem

Question 45

Hypogeous

Answer 45

Cotyledons underground

Question 46

Epigeous

Answer 46

Cotyledons breach above ground

Question 47

Main tissue systems

Answer 47

Ground tissue Vascular tissue Dermal tissue

Question 48

Types of simple tissues

Answer 48

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Question 49

Parenchyma cells

Answer 49

Thin primary cell walls Perform metabolic functions (photosynthesis, storage) Only type of cell that can be reprogrammed to form other cell types

Question 50

Parenchyma tissue

Answer 50

Can aggregate to form tissues found in cortex and pith, mesophyll

Question 51

Collenchyma cells & tissue

Answer 51

Alive at maturity Often containing chloroplast Cell walls composed of pectin and cellulose; thicken at the corners Support for young stems and leaves Outermost cells of cortex

Question 52

Sclerenchyma cells & tissue

Answer 52

Dead at maturity Made of fibers and sclerids

Question 53

Fiber cells

Answer 53

Long, narrow cells with thick, pitted walls tapered at the ends Aggregate into continuous cylinder arounds stems or form strands

Question 54

Slerid cells

Answer 54

Can form sheets or be in small clusters

Question 55

Vascular system tissues

Answer 55

Composed of: vessel elements and tracheids, fibers, living parenchyma cells, sieve-tube members, companion cells

Question 56

Epidermis tissue

Answer 56

Single layer of cells covered in cutin Epidermal tissue, guard cells, subsidiary cells Trichomes

Question 57

Trichomes

Answer 57

Outgrowths of one or more cells

Question 58

Periderm tissues

Answer 58

Protective Loy ear that forms in older stems , and roots Phellom, cork dead at maturity and phelloderm