Exam 1 Polymers

Question 1

What are polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), povidone (PVP), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) used for?

Answer 1

Water soluble polymers used in tablet coating

Question 2

Some water-soluble polymers as well as acacia, gelatin, and sodium alginate are used for what?

Answer 2

Binders in tabletting

Question 3

Cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pthalate, and copolymers of methacrylic acid and it’s esters are used for?

Answer 3

Enteric coating

Question 4

Generally, polymers are used to ______ suspensions and opthalmic solutions, as protective _______ to stabilize emulsions and suspensions, and to form water-soluble jellies and ointment bases

Answer 4

thicken; colloids

Question 5

What polymer has the widest range of application in pharmacy?

Answer 5

Gelatin

Question 6

Linear polymer where backbone is a long chain of covalently bonded carbon, silicon, or sulfur atoms (same atoms)

Answer 6

Homochain polymer

Question 7

Backbone contains more than one atom, which also includes purely inorganic polymers
***Side note: Polymers are usually organic

Answer 7

Heterochain polymer

Question 8

A repeat unit, or mer, of a polymer

Answer 8

Monomer

Question 9

The number (n) of repeat units per macromolecule is called?

Answer 9

Degree of polymerization

Question 10

Process is started by a free radical formed by thermal decomposition of an initiator such as benzoyl peroxide

Answer 10

Addition or chain-reaction polymerization

Question 11

Where does a free radical add to a vinyl monomer (compound with unpaired electron)?

Answer 11

Double bond

Question 12

One monomer is involved and include many naturally occurring polymers such as cellulose and rubber

Answer 12

Homopolymers

Question 13

______ are copolymers of different amino acids

Answer 13

Proteins

Question 14

Two repeat units that join together following no sequence in a chain that are used to make containers for parenteral solutions (AAABBABABBBAAB)

Answer 14

Random copolymers

Question 15

Polypropylene sulfone is an example where copolymerization of propylene and sulfur dioxide occurs (ABABABABABAB)

Answer 15

Alternating copolymers

Question 16

Include surfactants and fecal softeners where there are long sequences of the same monomer

Answer 16

Block copolymers

Question 17

Most linear and branched polymers are ______, which means they can be softened or melted by heat and dissolved in appropriate solvents

Answer 17

Thermoplastic

Question 18

Esterification of two bifunctional monomers, ethylene glycol and terepthalic acid, produce a linear monomer. If small amounts of ethylene glycol are replaced by glycerin (trifunctional monomer), the resulting polymer would be considered ________. If ethylene glycol is partially or completely replaced by glycerin, a _________ structure is produced.

Answer 18

Branched polymer; crosslinked (network) structure

Question 19

Polymer in a soft solid or viscous state, that irreversibly changes into an infusible, insoluble polymer network by curing

Answer 19

Thermosetting polymer

Question 20

These polymers are formed when a free radical removes a hydrogen atom from an existing chain, and produces another free radical. Gamma rays can also cause free radicals to occur

Answer 20

Graft copolymers

Question 21

Sodium polysterene sulfonate suspension is an example of a _______-______ resin. In the GI tract, the resin swells and fluid freely permeates the swollen grain, exchanging K+ ions with Na+ of the resin

Answer 21

Cation-exchange

Question 22

Cholesteryramine resin is an example of a _____-_____ resin, where it exchanges a Cl- ion with NO3- ions.

Answer 22

Anion-exchange

Question 23

Calcium salts are ____ soluble than sodium salts

Answer 23

Less soluble

Question 24

Test where absorbed weight of sodium bicarbonate solution is not less than 62g per g of resin

Answer 24

Absorbing power test

Question 25

We don't have enzymes to break ______ glycosidic bonds. We are able to break ______ glycosidic bonds.

Answer 25

Can't: beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds | Can: alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 26

The number of hydroxyl groups per anydroglucose repeat unit that has been substituted. Pertains specifically to cellulose and starch derivatives

Answer 26

Degree of substitution

Question 27

Unit that releases one molecule of H2O when polymerized

Answer 27

Anhydrose

Question 28

DS values range from ___ - ____

Answer 28

0-3

Question 29

A DS value of 0 means ____ ______. | A DS value of 3 means _____ _______.

Answer 29

No interaction | Three substitutions

Question 30

DS is the ______ value over the entire sample

Answer 30

Average value

Question 31

Molar substitution is used whenver.....

Answer 31

Hydroxylated derivatives of cellulose are produced

Question 32

Molar substitution in hydroxyethlcellulose, for example, is the

Answer 32

Average number of ethylene oxide molecules that have reacted with one anydroglucose repeat unit

Question 33

MS is always _____ than DS

Answer 33

Greater

Question 34

Most ethoxylation occurs at the _____ hydroxyl group (2 ethylene oxide molecules on average)

Answer 34

Primary hydroxyl group

Question 35

True or false: MS can exceed 3

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Nature can't tolerate randomization; therefore, small molecules and many biopolymers are ________

Answer 36

Monodisperse

Question 37

Molecules that have different chain lengths and weight, where an average molecular weight is used, are known as _______

Answer 37

Heterodisperse

Question 38

A sample of polystyrene made up of two monodisperse fractions have molecular of fraction A of 20,000 and fraction B of 100,000. Fraction A has in the sample, 3 times as many molecules as B. What is the number-average molecular weight? What is the weight-average molecular weight?

Answer 38

Number-average: X(A) = nA / (nA + nB) so 3 / (3+1) = 0.750 X(B) then equals 1 - X(A) = 0.250 Mn = (0.750)(20,000) + (0.250)(100,000) = 40,000 Weight-average: W(A) = 3*20,000 / (3*20,000 + 1*100,000) = 0.375 W(B) = 1 - W(A) = 0.625 So Molecular weight (Mw) = 0.375*20,000 + 0.625*100,000 Mw = 70,000

Question 39

Xanthan gum is a carbohydrate that can be used as

Answer 39

A suspending agent

Question 40

Methycellulose is ______ soluble | Ethylcellulose is _______ soluble

Answer 40

Water-soluble | Alcohol-soluble

Question 41

What does the 3350 stand for in PEG 3350?

Answer 41

Molecular weight

Question 42

Microspheres have what effect on viscosity, and how does this affect the release of the compound?

Answer 42

Increases viscosity, causing extended release

Question 43

What are carbomers?

Answer 43

Polymers of acrylic acid

Question 44

True or False: In polyethylene glycols, the number indicates the molecular weight (PEG 1500), while in methylcellulose, the number indicates the viscosity of solution at certain concentrations (Methylcellulose 400)

Answer 44

True

Question 45

True or False: Number of repeat units per macromolecule is called degree of polymerization, while the number of hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose repeat unit that have been substituted is known as molar substitution.

Answer 45

False: the number of hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose repeat unit that have been substituted is know as DEGREE of substitution Molar substitution involves hydroxylated derivatives of cellulose

Question 46

True or False: Poloxamer NF is an example of a block copolymer and sodium polystyrene sulfonate is an example of a crosslinked polymer

Answer 46

True

Question 47

True or False: Cellulose and starch are both glucose polymers; however, they differ from each other in the type of 1,4 glycosidic bonds that link the glucose residues

Answer 47

True

Question 48

True or False: In cellulose, the bond between the anhydroglucose units is a beta-1,4 glycosidic bond

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Which of the following statements are FALSE? 1. Polycarbophil is a bulk laxative. It swells extensively in the stomach, and minimally in the intestine 2. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a cation-exchange resin 3. Degree of substitution in cellulose and starch derivatives do not exceed 3 4. Human serum albumin is a monodisperse polymer 5. The value of the molecular weight of a polymer is dependent on the method used in its calculation

Answer 49

1. Polycarbophil is a bulk laxative that swells extensively in the INTESTINE and minimally in the STOMACH

Question 50

Which of the following statements are FALSE? 1. Flexible bags of plasticized polyvinyl chloride are used to hold blood and intravenous solutions 2. Polyethylene glycols are water-soluble based polymers 3. Crosslinked polymers are thermosetting while most linear and branched polymers are thermoplastic 4. Proteins are homopolymers 5. Cholestyramine Resin USP binds sodium glycholate and other bile salts in the GI tract

Answer 50

4. Proteins are COPOLYMERS of different amino acids

Question 51

True or False: Thermosetting polymers are insoluble and infusible while thermoplastic polymers can be softened or melted by heat

Answer 51

True

Question 52

True or False: Both methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium are anionic in aqueous solution

Answer 52

False? (I don't think methylcellulose is anionic but not 100% sure)