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Cells and Heredity > Exam 1 Practice > Flashcards

Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six most important chemical elements of life?

A

CHONPS (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur)

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2
Q

Is CH4 an organic molecule?

A

Yes. Compounds that contain carbon are said to be organic

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3
Q

Which element is always associated with organic chemistry?

A

Carbon

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4
Q

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?

A

a tetrahedron with carbon in the center

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5
Q

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

A

6 hydrogen atoms and 3 carbon atoms.

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6
Q

What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?

A

Each carbon atoms acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.

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7
Q

What are the properties of hydrocarbons?

A

hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy

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8
Q

What is present in all amino acids?

A

-NH2

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9
Q

What is found in all amino acids?

A

both —COOH and —NH2

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10
Q

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they __________

A

share the same functional group: a hydroxyl

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11
Q

What molecules have a carboxyl functional group?

A

R—COOH

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12
Q

What molecules is a weak base?

A

R—NH2.

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13
Q

Which molecule is a weak acid?

A

R-COOH

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14
Q

What best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group?

A

The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly.

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15
Q

What functional group is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water?

A

phosphate groups

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16
Q

What is ATP’s importance in the cell?

A

ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.

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17
Q

Organic chemistry is currently defined as

A

the study of carbon compounds

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18
Q

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base

A

amino

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19
Q

Which action could produce a carbonyl group?

A

the replacement of the –OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen

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20
Q

Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists of mostly

A

carbon-based compounds

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21
Q

how does carbon enter the biosphere?

A

when photosynthetic organisms use the sun’s energy to transform CO2 into organic molecules, which are transferred to primary consumers.

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22
Q

most organic compounds contain

A

hydrogen atoms

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23
Q

how many electrons does a carbon atom have?

A
  1. 2 in the first electron shell and 4 in the second shell
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24
Q

what is the source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms?

A

CO2 or carbon dioxide

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25
Q

What is Urea?

A

Urea, CO(NH2)2, is a simple organic molecule in which each atom forms covalent bonds to complete its valence shell

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26
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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27
Q

Hydrocarbon is the major component of what?

A

petroleum

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28
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

The addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to solidify an unsaturated fat or fatty acid

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29
Q

what does it mean to say we are hydrogenating a vegetable oil

A

process where manufacturers add hydrogen to a liquid fat, such as vegetable oil, to turn it into a solid fat at room temperature

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30
Q

cis v trans

A

Cis isomers are molecules with the same connectivity of atoms. They feature same side groups placed on the same side of a double bond. Trans isomers feature molecules with same side groups placed on opposite sides of a double bond.

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31
Q

isomer v isotope

A

Isotopes are different atoms of the same element. Isomers are different compounds with the same molecular formula

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32
Q

what are fats?

A

biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component

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33
Q

what are isomers?

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties

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34
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

they have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms.

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35
Q

what are geometric isomers?

A

they have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond. the double bond does not allow the atoms to rotate freely around the bond axis

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36
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

molecules that are mirror images of each other. (left and right hand)

37
Q

when are enantiomers possible?

A

when four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to an asymmetric carbon

38
Q

do enantiomers have any differences?

A

yes! one is biologically active, while the other is inactive

39
Q

does the distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend on only the arrangement of its carbon skeleton?

A

no! it also depends on the chemical groups attached to that skeleton

40
Q

what do functional groups affect?

A

they are compounds that affect molecular function through their direct involvement in chemical reactions

41
Q

what are the seven chemical groups that are most important to the chemistry of life?

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydral, phosphate, and methyl groups

42
Q

which chemical group is hydrophobic?

A

methyl

43
Q

which chemical compounds are functional groups? are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. they are hydrophilic and increase the solubility of organic compounds in water

44
Q

are methyl groups reactive?

A

no, but they serve as important markers on organic molecules

45
Q

what is -OH

A

Hydroxyl group

46
Q

how do hydroxyl groups increase the solubility of organic molecules?

A

they form a polar covalent bond with an oxygen atom.

47
Q

what ends with -OL

A

Alcohol, which are organic compounds with hydroxyl groups

48
Q

what is >CO

A

carbonyl groups

49
Q

what does the carbonyl consist of?

A

an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond

50
Q

what if the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton?

A

its an aldehdye

51
Q

what if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton?

A

its a ketone

52
Q

what is -COOH

A

carboxyl groups

53
Q

what does the carboxyl group consist of?

A

a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group

54
Q

what are compounds with carboxyl groups called?

A

carboxylic acids

55
Q

how does a carboxyl group act as an acid?

A

the combined electronegativities of the
two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the chance of dissociation of hydrogen as an
ion (H+).

56
Q

what is -NH4

A

an amino group

57
Q

what does an amino group consist of?

A

a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.

58
Q

what are organic compounds with amino groups called?

A

amines

59
Q

how does an amino group act as a base?

A

it can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the
solution

60
Q

what groups do amino acids have?

A

amino and carboxyl groups

61
Q

what is -SH

A

a sulfhydryl group

62
Q

what does a sulfhydryl group consist of?

A

a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone

63
Q

what are thiols?

A

organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups

64
Q

what is -OPO3^2

A

phosphate groups

65
Q

what does a phosphate group consist of?

A

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond).

66
Q

what is one function of a phosphate group?

A

transferring energy between organic molecules

67
Q

what is ATP or Adenosine triphosphate?

A

the primary energy transfer molecules in living cells

68
Q

what is the break down of fat?

A

hydrolysis

69
Q

what forms fats?

A

dehydration

70
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature while unsaturated are usually liquid. saturated fats are also a straight line while unsaturated fats have a kink

71
Q

what is adipose tissue’s purpose?

A

energy storage, structural support for your body, and insulates

72
Q

what are monosaccharides classified by?

A

location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

73
Q

is aldehyde fruity?

A

no

74
Q

is fructose fruity?

A

yes

75
Q

what do carbohydrates include?

A

sugar and polymers of sugar

76
Q

what are the simplest carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides or simple sugars

77
Q

what determines a polysaccharide’s architecture or function?

A

its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkage

78
Q

what is the simplest form of starch?

A

amylose

79
Q

when does glycogen release glucose?

A

when blood sugar falls

80
Q

what is an example of something made up of chitin?

A

bug exoskeletons

81
Q

what does ester linkage lead to?

A

triglyceride

82
Q

what is the unifying feature of lipids?

A

they are hydrophobici

83
Q

what are fats made up of?

A

the base of a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains

84
Q

what has a positive charge

A

protons

85
Q

what is the element’s atomic number?

A

the number of protons in its nucleus

86
Q

what is an element’s mass number?

A

the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

87
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. usually 2 non metals

88
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

one atom loses an electron to another atom. usually a metal atom loses an electron to a nonmetal atom

89
Q

Hydrogen bonding occurs in molecules when

A

a hydrogen atom bonded to F, O, or N is attracted to an electron pair on a F, O, or N atom on an adjacent molecule.

Cells and Heredity (3 decks)

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