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Cells and Heredity > Exam 1 Practice > Flashcards

Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six most important chemical elements of life?

A

CHONPS (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur)

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2
Q

Is CH4 an organic molecule?

A

Yes. Compounds that contain carbon are said to be organic

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3
Q

Which element is always associated with organic chemistry?

A

Carbon

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4
Q

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?

A

a tetrahedron with carbon in the center

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5
Q

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

A

6 hydrogen atoms and 3 carbon atoms.

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6
Q

What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?

A

Each carbon atoms acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.

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7
Q

What are the properties of hydrocarbons?

A

hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy

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8
Q

What is present in all amino acids?

A

-NH2

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9
Q

What is found in all amino acids?

A

both —COOH and —NH2

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10
Q

Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they __________

A

share the same functional group: a hydroxyl

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11
Q

What molecules have a carboxyl functional group?

A

R—COOH

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12
Q

What molecules is a weak base?

A

R—NH2.

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13
Q

Which molecule is a weak acid?

A

R-COOH

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14
Q

What best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group?

A

The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly.

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15
Q

What functional group is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water?

A

phosphate groups

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16
Q

What is ATP’s importance in the cell?

A

ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.

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17
Q

Organic chemistry is currently defined as

A

the study of carbon compounds

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18
Q

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base

A

amino

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19
Q

Which action could produce a carbonyl group?

A

the replacement of the –OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen

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20
Q

Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists of mostly

A

carbon-based compounds

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21
Q

how does carbon enter the biosphere?

A

when photosynthetic organisms use the sun’s energy to transform CO2 into organic molecules, which are transferred to primary consumers.

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22
Q

most organic compounds contain

A

hydrogen atoms

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23
Q

how many electrons does a carbon atom have?

A
  1. 2 in the first electron shell and 4 in the second shell
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24
Q

what is the source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms?

A

CO2 or carbon dioxide

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25
What is Urea?
Urea, CO(NH2)2, is a simple organic molecule in which each atom forms covalent bonds to complete its valence shell
26
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
27
Hydrocarbon is the major component of what?
petroleum
28
what is hydrogenation?
The addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to solidify an unsaturated fat or fatty acid
29
what does it mean to say we are hydrogenating a vegetable oil
process where manufacturers add hydrogen to a liquid fat, such as vegetable oil, to turn it into a solid fat at room temperature
30
cis v trans
Cis isomers are molecules with the same connectivity of atoms. They feature same side groups placed on the same side of a double bond. Trans isomers feature molecules with same side groups placed on opposite sides of a double bond.
31
isomer v isotope
Isotopes are different atoms of the same element. Isomers are different compounds with the same molecular formula
32
what are fats?
biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component
33
what are isomers?
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties
34
what are structural isomers?
they have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms.
35
what are geometric isomers?
they have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond. the double bond does not allow the atoms to rotate freely around the bond axis
36
what are enantiomers?
molecules that are mirror images of each other. (left and right hand)
37
when are enantiomers possible?
when four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to an asymmetric carbon
38
do enantiomers have any differences?
yes! one is biologically active, while the other is inactive
39
does the distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend on only the arrangement of its carbon skeleton?
no! it also depends on the chemical groups attached to that skeleton
40
what do functional groups affect?
they are compounds that affect molecular function through their direct involvement in chemical reactions
41
what are the seven chemical groups that are most important to the chemistry of life?
hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydral, phosphate, and methyl groups
42
which chemical group is hydrophobic?
methyl
43
which chemical compounds are functional groups? are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. they are hydrophilic and increase the solubility of organic compounds in water
44
are methyl groups reactive?
no, but they serve as important markers on organic molecules
45
what is -OH
Hydroxyl group
46
how do hydroxyl groups increase the solubility of organic molecules?
they form a polar covalent bond with an oxygen atom.
47
what ends with -OL
Alcohol, which are organic compounds with hydroxyl groups
48
what is >CO
carbonyl groups
49
what does the carbonyl consist of?
an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond
50
what if the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton?
its an aldehdye
51
what if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton?
its a ketone
52
what is -COOH
carboxyl groups
53
what does the carboxyl group consist of?
a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group
54
what are compounds with carboxyl groups called?
carboxylic acids
55
how does a carboxyl group act as an acid?
the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the chance of dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+).
56
what is -NH4
an amino group
57
what does an amino group consist of?
a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.
58
what are organic compounds with amino groups called?
amines
59
how does an amino group act as a base?
it can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution
60
what groups do amino acids have?
amino and carboxyl groups
61
what is -SH
a sulfhydryl group
62
what does a sulfhydryl group consist of?
a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone
63
what are thiols?
organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups
64
what is -OPO3^2
phosphate groups
65
what does a phosphate group consist of?
a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond).
66
what is one function of a phosphate group?
transferring energy between organic molecules
67
what is ATP or Adenosine triphosphate?
the primary energy transfer molecules in living cells
68
what is the break down of fat?
hydrolysis
69
what forms fats?
dehydration
70
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature while unsaturated are usually liquid. saturated fats are also a straight line while unsaturated fats have a kink
71
what is adipose tissue's purpose?
energy storage, structural support for your body, and insulates
72
what are monosaccharides classified by?
location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
73
is aldehyde fruity?
no
74
is fructose fruity?
yes
75
what do carbohydrates include?
sugar and polymers of sugar
76
what are the simplest carbohydrates?
monosaccharides or simple sugars
77
what determines a polysaccharide's architecture or function?
its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkage
78
what is the simplest form of starch?
amylose
79
when does glycogen release glucose?
when blood sugar falls
80
what is an example of something made up of chitin?
bug exoskeletons
81
what does ester linkage lead to?
triglyceride
82
what is the unifying feature of lipids?
they are hydrophobici
83
what are fats made up of?
the base of a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains
84
what has a positive charge
protons
85
what is the element's atomic number?
the number of protons in its nucleus
86
what is an element's mass number?
the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
87
what is a covalent bond?
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. usually 2 non metals
88
what is an ionic bond?
one atom loses an electron to another atom. usually a metal atom loses an electron to a nonmetal atom
89
Hydrogen bonding occurs in molecules when
a hydrogen atom bonded to F, O, or N is attracted to an electron pair on a F, O, or N atom on an adjacent molecule.

Cells and Heredity (3 decks)

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