Exam 1 - Programming to DD Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
What is a Business Case?
A
A document developed to establish the merits and desirability of the project and justify further project definition and the commitment of resources.
2
Q
This type of report outlines research and analysis to determine the viability and practicability of a project, analyzing economic, financial, market, regulatory, and technical issues.
A
Feasibility Study
3
Q
This is a written statement describing criteria and data for a building project, including design objectives, site requirements, spatial requirements, building systems, and future expandability.
A
Functional Program
4
Q
What does Gap Analysis identify?
A
The difference between a current state and the desired state.
5
Q
What are Pre-design Services
A
Architectural services provided before the schematic design phase to help the client establish a functional program and project scope, including financial and scheduling plans.
6
Q
What is the purpose of the pre-design phase?
A
To provide the client and design architect with a foundation and necessary information for design decision-making and to establish the objectives of the design-construction program.
7
Q
What is the MacLeamy Curve?
A
A concept illustrating that early design-based decision-making can leverage resources to achieve successful project outcomes and operational efficiency.
8
Q
What is included in a business case analysis? (7)
A
- Project background, 2. expected benefits, 3. alternative options, 4. costs, 5. gap analysis, 6. risks, and 7.recommendations for next steps.
9
Q
What fundamental questions does a functional program seek to answer?
A
The program addresses the client’s needs and objectives, project scope, space and site requirements, spatial relationships, and long-term adaptability.
10
Q
What is a critical outcome of a well-prepared functional program?
A
It results in better and more effective design solutions by clearly defining the problem to be solved.
11
Q
What role does an architect play in preparing a functional program?
A
The architect examines the client’s world in detail, comments on the program, identifies challenges, and helps define criteria for evaluating design solution
12
Q
What key elements are included in a functional program report?
A
Client’s goals, stakeholder charter, site requirements, summary of space types, space data sheets, space-relationship diagrams, financial and regulatory information.
13
Q
What are some of the external factors an architect must consider during functional programming? SEIRS
A
(S) Site and community context, (E) environmental and social impacts, local (I) infrastructure capacity, (R) regulatory constraints, and (S) sustainability goals.
14
Q
What skills are required for effective programming in architecture?
A
Understanding client philosophy, organizational behavior, decision-making, research expertise, and advanced interpersonal and facilitation skills.
15
Q
What techniques do architects use in the functional programming process? (ROIPFGQ) “Rapid Optimization in Programming Fosters Great Quality”
A
(R) Researching best practices, (O) observing client workplaces, (I) conducting interviews, (P) public consultations, (FG) facilitating focus groups, and using (Q) questionnaires and surveys.
16
Q
This is a pre-design service that involves evaluating existing or potential sites in relation to the building program, budget, and construction schedule, ultimately recommending one site.
A
Site Evaluation
17
Q
How does site analysis differ from site evaluation?
A
Site analysis usually involves a single site and can be part of the pre-design phase or schematic design phase, focusing on site-specific factors like physical characteristics, regulations, and best use.
18
Q
What is Comparative Site Studies?
A
Comparative Site Studies involve analyzing several sites concurrently using consistent measures to rank their suitability, helping to advise the client on the best option.
19
Q
What factors are considered in the physical site characteristics analysis?
A
(C) climate, (T) topography, (G) geotechnical information, (E) environmental hazards, surrounding (S) structures,(R) road access, and (L) legal property descriptions.
20
Q
What legal restrictions and regulations must be identified during site evaluation?
A
Legal title, land use, height restrictions, setbacks, environmental requirements, accessibility, and other applicable regulations must be identified and considered.
21
Q
Define “highest and best use” in the context of land value.
A
“Highest and best use” refers to the most productive development of land, considering technical and legal restrictions and market conditions, often maximizing the site’s value
22
Q
What distinguishes master planning from urban design?
A
Master planning focuses on long-term development strategies for specific sites, while urban design encompasses broader city layouts and public spaces, focusing on design concepts and place-making.
23
Q
What are Building or Facility Condition Assessments (BCA/FCA)?
A
assess the physical state of buildings,
identifying deficiencies,
estimating remaining life cycles, and
informing investment strategies through on-site visual reviews and analysis.
24
Q
What are the key considerations in pre-design project scheduling?
A
Pre-design project scheduling forecasts anticipated phases, milestones, resources, cash-flow projections, and critical paths to estimate a project’s delivery and completion date.
25
What is the main objective of the schematic design phase in architecture?
The main objective is to transform the results of pre-design investigations into a concept of "what will be built," resolving the client's requirements and desires into physical, architectural form.
26
Why is a well-thought-out program crucial before beginning schematic design?
A well-thought-out program guides the design process, preventing delays, cost overruns, and design deficiencies.
27
What key elements are synthesized during the schematic design phase?
The key elements include the character of the site, space planning requirements, the client's philosophical objectives, and the architect's design approach.
28
What is the role of the architect during the schematic design phase?
The architect tests the client’s program, studies planning and massing relationships, and synthesizes all factors to conclude with the best possible design.
29
What approach might be used during schematic design to optimize building systems?
The Integrated Design Process (IDP), which involves a multi-disciplinary team working together to solve complex problems, is often used.
30
ow does Building Information Modeling (BIM) contribute during schematic design?
model anticipated energy performance and create a three-dimensional model, though it can be time-consuming and require additional fees.
31
What should happen if assumptions made during pre-design are found inconsistent during schematic design?
Assumptions should be tested and validated; any necessary course corrections should be made before progressing to design development.
32
What is the importance of client involvement during the schematic design phase?
Active client involvement helps resolve program difficulties, facilitates decision-making, and ensures alignment with the project goals.
33
What documentation is important during the schematic design phase?
All design decisions should be documented, and clients should sign off on decisions at key project milestones to avoid misunderstandings.
34
What are design alternatives, and how are they used in schematic design?
Design alternatives are quick diagrammatic studies that explore different planning and volumetric options. They are evaluated and selected based on their response to the program, budget, and other criteria before detailed development
35
What is the primary method for preliminary cost evaluation during schematic design?
The architect prepares preliminary cost evaluations based on the area or volume of the proposed building, multiplied by appropriate regional unit costs.
36
What should happen if the client’s expectations cannot be met within the proposed budget during schematic design?
The architect must work with the client to adjust the scope of work, quality, or budget, or the client may decide to abandon the project.
37
What does the IDP team need to acknowledge at the outset of design regarding the budget?
The IDP team must acknowledge the budget figure and appreciate the contractual obligations to avoid over-designing or selecting materials beyond the client's reach.
38
What is recommended for inclusion in a schematic design report?
A schematic design report should include the design approach, alignment with pre-design goals, an executive summary, probable construction cost, schedule, and a description of structural, mechanical, and electrical systems.
38
What key elements should be included in schematic design documents for presentation?
Schematic design documents should include a site plan, functional block plans, vertical sections, outline elevations, and three-dimensional massing models.
39
What is the primary focus of the design development phase?
Refining and developing the selected scheme in more detail, focusing on "how" the project will be built and how it will operate.
40
How have BIM and IDP/IPD changed the design process?
BIM and IDP/IPD have shifted tasks traditionally associated with design development to the schematic design phase, requiring earlier design decisions and redistributing effort.
41
What is a key challenge in differentiating between schematic design and design development?
It can be difficult to distinguish when one phase ends and the other begins, especially with the use of a full BIM process.
42
What should firms develop to manage client-architect relationships effectively?
A statement of work for each phase of the design project with clearly defined deliverables that can be validated.
43
What are the key tasks during the design development phase?
Preparation and coordination of designs,
outline specifications,
preliminary modeling,
onstruction phasing,
regulatory compliance,
presentation documentation, and
updating construction costs and schedules.
44
Why is resolving the design of major building components critical in design development?
It minimizes delays and costs related to coordination challenges during construction documents production.
45
What is one of the architect's roles during design development?
Investigating various construction materials, products, and systems for incorporation into the building, considering factors like availability, performance, and cost.
46
What critical information should the architect provide to the structural engineer during design development?
Geotechnical report, selected schematic design, code analysis, restrictions on structural supports, and materials.
47
What are key design issues the mechanical engineer resolves during design development?
Ventilation, heating and cooling systems, energy analysis, mechanical room sizing, and coordination with other systems.
48
What information does the electrical engineer need to carry out design development?
Schematic design, power requirements, flexibility for expansion, and coordination with mechanical systems.
49
What is the role of the civil or site servicing engineer in design development?
Resolving design issues related to site services, grading, water management, and coordination with municipal services.
50
How do landscape architects contribute during the design development phase?
They prepare detailed plans for site layout, planting, grading, and drainage, integrating the architectural design with the surrounding environment.
51
What is the importance of coordination as a defined service in design development?
Ensuring all building and site systems are integrated, particularly when the architect does not have contractual control over consultants.
52
When is the building permit typically applied for in the design process?
Upon completion of construction documents, after obtaining necessary planning approvals.
53
What are the components of design development documentation?
Drawings,
outline specifications,
design report
54
What do bonding and insurance companies do?
Provide bonds to contractors (sureties)
Liability insurance to design professionals
55
What is the typ % per project breakdown for typical architectural project
SD: 12,5%
DD: 12,5%
CD 50%
TA: 2,5%
CA 22,5%
56
Risks of fixed fee
If scope changes, its on arch to deal
There are delays with caused by client or contractor
57
What should be coordinated with subs before SD?
Finalize consultant agreement and receive proof of prof liability
58
Architect's roles in coordination with Subconsultants
Monitors consultant performance
Ensures consultants ongoing commitment
Motivates
Provides recognition
Identifying project goals and environmental design targets
Establishing budgets, design criteria and time schedules
Arranging meetings
Routing all communications
Setting standard formats for documentation
59
When is best to initiate coordination and what should be done?
Early in the design process – organize the team and negotiate tentative compensation in accordance with the basis of services. Verify consultant’s ability to meet the client’s time schedule, liability insurance, licensing requirements, construction cost estimates
60
Who contacts utility companies?
consultants (M&E)
61
Key times of consultant coordination
Predesign: provide for consultants the functional program and space requirements. Finalize consultant agreement.
SD Confer with consultants to determine systems to be used in the project and obtain a general construction cost estimate. make sure no additional consultants are needed
DD consultants prepare layouts and drawings as necessary More detailed cost estimate
CD Complete construction docs and specs, review and coordinate
CA Receive help on assessing bids as necessary
Have consultants review necessary shop drawings and perform necessary site visits
62
Four things to look for in coordinating systems
1. Problems due to interference of conflicting elements like pipes and structure and vents
2. Structure through open spaces
3. Head height
4. Elements passing through fire separations and the need for fire dampers in these cases and if the bulkheads then need to be fire rated
63
Main Structural DWG Review items
Cross check the critical dimensions
Cross check roof slopes
Cross check interference of conflicting elements
Ensure there are no general information notes duplication info in specs and drawings
64
Main MECH DWG Review items
Drawing same orientation and most up to date revisions
Cross check location of site plan and service location – fire hydrants, catch basins, maintenance access
Location of mech items against floor plans and sections
Roof mounted items against roof plans
Clearances between structural and arch floor heights
Ceiling mountain items against RCP
Against electrical and structural drawings
65
Main ELECT DWG Review items
Drawings same orientation and most recent revision
Cross check electrical onsite items against site plan (light poles, transformer, utilities)
Locations of items in floor plans, elevations
Check mounted stuff against roof plan
Clearances in ceiling between structural and arch
Ceiling mounted items against RCP
Against mechanical drawings, schedules for power, volts and phase for major equipment
Ensure not notes duplicating ones on drawings and specs
66
What phase is the construction budget typically established?
Usually client establishes the construction budget in the pre-design phase
67
Is a cost estimate provided by an architect a guarantee or quotation?
no
68
If an architect were to guarantee or warrant a cost estimate, what is the potential risk?
Could potentially void the architects liability insurance
69
When does cost planning, cost estimate, cost control, cost analysis start and end?
Cost Planning - PreDesign to SD
Cost Estimates - SD to Contract Docs
Cost Control - DD to Post-Construction
Cost Analysis - Bid/Contract Award
70
Name the classes of estimates and corresponding phase of the project
Class D = Functional Program (20%)
Class C = Schematic Design (15%)
Class B = Design Development (10%)
Class A = Construction Documentation (5%)
71
List pros and cons of “Class” estimate approach
Pros:
Most reliable method
Well suited when cost advice is being provided to architect from contractors and suppliers
Info stays current and relevant
Project leads can build a history of skills and knowledge
Cons:
Requires estimator with both design and construction experience
Requires ability to foresee all typical trades needed to keep building construction moving forward
72
What is included in project budget?
Everything (land, construction, design, legal, admin, marketing, contingency, escalation, government taxes, etc)
73
What are masterformat divisions for costing?
01 General requirements, 02 site work, 03 concrete, etc, basically specification sections broken out where each division is costed separately
74
What is elemental costing? (uniformat)
Divides building into major elements such as structure and enclosure
75
Pros and cons of elemental costing?
Pros:
Process assumes approximate size of the building is known
Can proceed without construction drawings and specs
Useful for design development when trade-offs between elements can improve quality
Cons:
Cuts across traditional trade areas
Can be difficult to double check info from previous projects
76
Pros and cons of area costing (m2, sq.ft., etc)
Pros:
Easily understood concept of floor area
Cost of individual component or element are easy to calculate
Simplified historical info
Cons:
Does not account for unique conditions
Simplistic and can be misunderstood
Architect should only use during pre-design phase
77
Explain volume and unit costing?
Volume - Cost per m3, rarely used, for warehouses, etc
Unit Use - I.e. costing a hospital per bed, provides a generic reference at early stage of design but takes into account no unique situations, only used at pre-design phase
78
Factors affecting cost?
Inflation, market conditions, economic conditions
union vs non-union
Interest rates
Material shortages
Exchange rates on imported materials
79
List of environmental factors affecting cost?
Site characteristics and weather
Cost of procedures in canada, reduced activity from december to march, winter protection, and provisions for additional heating
Project characteristics such as remote locations, transportation concerns, material concerns, etc
80
Building type and design characteristics affecting cost?
Code compliance, method of construction, building height, building form, type and range of finishes, choice and arrangement of S, M, E, planned life of structure, standard vs off the shelf vs custom, sustainable design requirements
81
Owner requirements which frequently affect the budget?
Schedule acceleration due to owner demands, late commencement due to reasons beyond owners control, additional stakeholders added to the project, delayed commencement due to fluctuations in the currency or inflation, owners approval process
82
Other various aspects which affect cost?
Hazardous materials, numerous building code classifications in one building, bureaucratic requirements, recycling regulations, occupants in building during construction, additional protection and clean up requirements, demo or shoring of existing structures, abnormal phasing, project delivery method
83
Consultants for cost estimating and explain each? (4)
1. Cost consultants
2. Quantity Surveyors
+Independent professionals
+Success based on track record
+Up to date archival material
+Usually supply info from other jobs
-Unit costs are usually historical
-Detailed cost info may not be available
3. Construction managers or developers
4. Construction price index/publications
84
Professional costing services for each phase of the project?
after pre-design
85
What services are included in Phase A : Pre-agreement Costing Services?
List all cost related tasks to ensure all aspects are reviewed and the architect can prepare a proposal for services
Make client aware of what services are required while identifying who will be responsible for forecasting info
86
What services are included in Phase B : Schematic Design Phase Costing Services?
Architect establishes preliminary design and construction cost estimate for the project
Architect instructs the design team to continue with work to meet agreed upon budget or review scope, quality, etc to meet predetermined cost estimate
87
What services are included in Phase C : Design Development Costing Services?
Provide review and updating of construction cost estimate as the reliability of the design increases
Undertake additional analysis if necessary
Refine the buildings scope, design, quality, and details
88
What costing services are included in Phase D:Construction documentation Phase?
Update construction estimate as docs progress (often as 50%, 95%, and tender)
89
What services are included in Phase E :Bidding and Negotiation?
Architect to consider tender bids and prices
Note* As per RAIC Doc 6, General Condition 3.4 → If the lowest bonafide bid exceeds the estimate by more than 15%, the Architect shall either:
Obtain approval for the budget increase from the client
Re-bid or negotiate
Modify the documents to reduce cost (at no additional cost)
90
What costing services are included in Phase F :Contract Admin?
Architect usually required to determine amount owing to the contract under the contract agreement based on value of progress of work
Process application for payment
Provide owner with regular updates
Brett’s Fun Tip: For progress payment certification, elemental cost is usually the best, as it is very easy to understand progress being made
91
What is a life cycle cost? Based on the RAIC 6 is this a basic or additional service?
Lifecycle aims to understand the cost of the building over its lifetime and is an additional service based on the RAIC 6
LCC = Capital (constr.) cost + Operating cost + Maintenance cost
92
Name the types of costs including in a lifecycle cost analysis and at what phase of the project does this begin?
1.Operating → Lights, energy, management, insurance
2.Maintenance → Repair and renewal
3.Capital → Project, land, fees
4.Total → Capital + operating + maintenance\
Should be discussed before design development to allow comparison of materials, techniques, and systems in terms of effective lifespans and maintenance/operating requirements
93
What is value engineering, is it a basic or additional service, and at what phase of the project does this begin?
Value engineering is designing to the project to a reduced cost based on various objectives, it is an additional service, and this should take place during the schematic design phase
94
What is embodied energy consumption and analysis?
Environmental impacts and energy consumption including extraction, manufacturing, delivery, installation, demolition, and recycling of building materials
95
Provide a definition for the following terms:
Construction budget
Element
Estimate
Indexing
Project budget
Quantity surveyor
Construction budget → clients budget for construction including contingencies
Element → cost estimating method using elements (i.e. footing, envelope, etc)
Estimate → opinion of judgement relating to cost of scope
Indexing → Applying a factor to adjust a cost for a specific region
Project budget → Total budget for the entire project
Quantity surveyor → List of quantities for materials and equipment as required
96
Yardsticks: what is a bare cost?
The unit material cost is the “bare” material cost with no
overhead or profit included. Costs shown reflect national
average material prices for January of the current year and
include delivery to the job site. No sales taxes are included.
97
Yardsticks: what are the total costs including O&M?
This figure is the sum of the bare material cost plus 10% for
profit; the bare labor cost plus total overhead and profit (per
the inside back cover or, if a crew is listed, from the crew
listings); and the bare equipment cost plus 10% for profit.
98
Yardsticks, are taxes included?
PST included in Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg (RST) and Vancouver rates
* GST, HST, and QST are not included
99
Name divisions 1-16 as part of Yardsticks for Costing
-1 General requirements
* 2 Site work
* 3 Concrete
* 4 Masonry
* 5 Metals
* 6 Woods & Plastics
* 7 Thermal & Moisture Protection
* 8 Doors & Windows
* 9 Finishes
* 10 Specialties
* 11 Equipment
* 14 Conveying Systems
* 15 Mechanical
* 16 Electrical
100
Yardsticks: how do you calculate escalation?
All rates are based on January of the published year. Estimators should allow for escalation between January and month of estimate.
For Ex.
Estimate based on unit rates = $1,215,000
Proposed Bid Date = July
6 months x 2% escalation/year
Total estimate for a July bid date = $1,227,150 (half of the year, half of percentage)
101
RSMeans: what are the inclusions for cost?
All prices are for average non-residential construction, involving union labour. For residential construction prices are usually 20-30% lower.
102
When to use composite unit rates?
Composite Unit Rates (best used for elemental building cost estimate)
* Composite rates according to Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (CIQS)
* Use for preliminary estimates/ for comparative purposes
103
What are the main categories of composite unit rate costing?
A Shell
B Interiors
C Services
D Site + Ancillary
Z General Requirements and Allowances
104
What is section E of Yardstcks and what is it used for?
Gross Building Costs
* General guide to overall cost for 35 building types.
* Average costs shown for each building element and the proportion to the total cost.
* High and low prices also presented per sqm/ sqft
* Note: these are displayed as a national average (Ie not broken down into the 8 cities) so
should be adjusted for the location
105
RS Means: What are labour rates used for and what do they include?
Labour Rates
* Rates from 23 different trades (NOTE only applies for unionized labour)
* Rate includes base rate, vacation and statuary holidays, health and welfare, pension, industry and union funds
* Note that not all trades are covered in this section
106
RS Means what is the last column of Section E Gross building cost? (%)
building element cost as a % of the overall construction cost
107
What are the three levels of Master format?
1. Division
2. Section
3. Subsection
108
List economic factors that influence cost?
Use of Union/Non Union Members
Interest rates on financing costs
Large demand for certain building materials
Exchange rates between nations for imported materials/equipment
109
what 4 client controls affect cost?
Project Schedule
Late Commencement due to unforeseen reasons
Delayed commencement due to inflation or currency fluctuations
Owner approval process
110
Is value engineering an architect service?
not a basic service of the architect, usually done by a third party. Best to assign value analysis early in the design process. It generally does not take into account the architect’s logical and sometimes intuitive design process
111
What is a value analysis or value engineering?
Systematic procedure to determine the best or optimum value for investments in a construction project. Value engineering is an analytical approach to modifying features which may add cost to a building but not contribute to its quality, appearance, useful life and functional performance. Compare trade-offs between design concepts, arrangements, materials and finishes, systems, construction techniques as well as capital and life cycle costs.
112
What are the limitations of Value Engineering as it pertains to client and delivery types?
Certain project delivery methods are better suited to value engineering, such as design builders, who would like to divest themselves of the building after it’s built, so they will not take into account life cycle costs. Landlords are more concerned with operating and maintenance costs.
113
What to respond if client/owner is pushing for cheaper products?
Advise owner on consequences of cheaper products, ROI
114
When to use area costs? (m2)
Used throughout development and construction industries and are recognized by public and private institutions. Used for general cost advice and for calculation of overall project costs
115
When is volume costing used?
used only for warehousing or freezers or a double-check
116
When is unit use costing used?
(Cost per bed or cost per seat, etc) Very simplified historic data as a basis for calculating cost. It is brief and relatively reliable, useful for preliminary budgeting,
Quick reference check at early stages
Can be screwy as you rely on previous projects that may not be similar
117
What information is required before SD begins
Functional program and spatial relationships
Special equipment and systems
site requirements and accompanying documents (legal and surveys)
schedule, budget
Supporting reports (geotech, etc)
118
What technical and regulatory knowledge is applied during the SD phase?
Knowledge of code
Knowledge of building construction
Local zoning requirements
119
Who gets hired during the SD phase?
Sub-consultants / engineers: civil, structural, mech/elec, landscape, interior, noise/wind/snow, etc
120
What is ‘Integrated Design Process’
Developing a teamwork infrastructure w/ sub-consultants to coordinate together and meet performance targets.
Engineering sub-consultants help prepare construction budget during SD
121
What are design alternatives?
Design options via diagrammatic studies to offer the client multiple options.
Often a fee proposal outlines number of design alternatives included
Design alternatives should address requirements, feasible struct/elec/mech, comparisons of efficiencies (leasable space, operating costs, etc), compliance with sustainable goals
122
How is preliminary cost estimating done during the SD phase?
Typically based on area multiplied by the appropriate unit costs (CHOP 2.3.3)
123
What documents are prepared during the SD phase?
Site plan, floor plans, elevations, sections, sketches, massing models
Design report including goals, probable construction cost, basic area calculations, description of struct/mech/elec systems, material description, preliminary schedule
124
What RAIC documents outline list of SD services to be provided
RAIC Document 6
RAIC Document 7 - Schedule A
125
What contract covers architect-consultant agreement?
RAIC Document 9 – Architect/Consultant agreement
126
What types of drawings can be provided at the SD phase?
Site Plan
Principal floor plans
Vertical sections
Building Elevations
Illustrative sketches or perspective renderings, computer generated presentations
Massing models
127
What can be included in an SD report?
Design approach/philosophy
Sustainable goals/environmental features
Probably construction cost
Summary of status of design with regard to environmental, planning, and zoning regulations as well as building codes
Description of structural, mechanical, and electrical systems
Basic area calculations and analyses
Site data
Product material description and sample of key construction materials/finishes
128
What is it called when you combine SD and DD?
Preliminary Design
129
What happens during DD?
Prep and coord with struct/mech/elec
Ouline specs
Preliminary modeling (energy, daylight, etc)
Prep presentation documentation
Update construction cost estimate
Update schedule
130
Client responsibilities during DD
Review design for feedback
Provide approval of design
Authorize prep of construction documents
131
When researching materials and systems, what factors should the architect consider?
Availability, samples/literature/data, performance criteria, durability and maintenance, physical characteristics, fabrication and installation, cost, lead time, past performance, market comparison
132
What does the architect need to provide structural during DD?
Geotech report, the selected design, restrictions regarding columns, defined areas, size and location of openings, materials, method of project delivery and time frame
133
Structural items to be coordinated in DD
Bay framing incl size of columns and beams
Max depth of members and critical sizes
Size and location of openings
Floor heights
Identify items embedded in structure (elec, etc)
FRRs
Need for special equipment (roof anchors, chimneys, etc)
134
What does the architect need to provide mechanical during DD
Building design, type of glazing and window coverings, hours of use of the bldg, allowable variation in room temps and humidity, areas requiring special treatment, preliminary code analysis incl fire separation, requirements for mech systems controls, analysis of water and waste equipment, other special equipment (lawn sprinklers, etc)
135
Mech items to be coordinated during DD
Ventilation, central vs individual H/C, size of AC equipment, size of HVAC, special HVAC systems, energy modeling, size and location of ducts and pipes, size of mech equipment, plumbing fixtures and controls, other features (noise control, vibration, special controls, etc)
136
What does the architect need to provide electrical during DD?
Building design, info on areas (size, function, finish and materials, lighting levels), future expansion and flexibility required for spaces, method of project delivery and schedule
137
Elec items to be coordinated during DD
Anticipated elec load, requirements of incoming services, space requirements for vault, distribution and voltages, location for elec rooms/comm rooms/risers, requirements for embedding conduits, light fixture selection and requirements for ceilings, controls for energy efficiency, telecoms/fire alarms/intercom/etc
138
What type of approvals would be done during DD?
Site plan application
Rezoning
UDRP (where applicable)
Heritage (where applicable)
139
What drawings are produced during DD?
Site plan, floor plans, elevations, sections, struct/mech/elec plans, details of significant building features and materials, prelim furniture and equipment layout, renderings
140
Who benefits from a Design Report?
Architect staff, AHJ, financial institutions, end user, consultants
141
What should a Design Report include?
Intro to project, list of drawings, design objectives, description of the design (arch, struct, mech, elec), outline specifications, sustainable design features, building code analysis, summary of building areas, construction cost estimate
142
What is required before starting DD?
Client approval to proceed.
143
What documentation is typically prepared for the client’s approval of the design development?
Submit design development documents, including drawings, outline specs, updated estimate to the client and report.
Have client confirm type of construction contract required
144
What code/universal accessibility items need to be established/coordinated during DD?
Involve access to areas, corridors of egress
Will account for elevators/stairs/ramps
Washrooms
Access for egress – doors, clearance
Corridors width
Height of handles, etc
Size of thresholds
Use of carpeting
Parking requirements and sizes
Windows
145
What types of sustainable design considerations should be resolved at DD?
Architect may review:
Performance criteria including sustainability and compatibility
Durability and maintenance
Fabrication and installation
Cost
Design decisions related to wind, rain, orientation are already done and more consideration to
Mechanical systems
Value engineering options
Larger scale passive active systems/strategies
146
What is the optimal angle of repose for soils?
33 degrees
147
Soil erosion strategies
Riprap
Gabion (stacked or used as Riprap)
Cribbing (framework of squared steel, concrete or timber members)
Bin Wall (modular interlocking precast concrete with voids filled with crushed stone/gravel)
Natural stabilization (soil Binders, plant materials of dense root network, etc.)
148
Name three types of soils and examples of them
1. Coarse-grained soils (more stable)
Gravel
Sand
2. Fine-grained soils
Silt
Clay
3. Highly organic soils (peat)
149
What is the definition of regenerative design?
Seeks to restore natural systems and resources, creating mutually beneficial interactions between human and natural systems
150
What is the definition of resilient design?
Capacity to adapt to changing conditions, maintain functionality, and bounce back after disturbances or interruptions.
151
Three resilient design principles
1.Diversity and redundancy in systems
2.Using simple, passive, and flexible solutions
3.Incorporating locally available, renewable, or reclaimed resources
152
Three types of loads and examples
1.Static Loads (slowly applied constant loads)
2.Live Loads (movable such as occupants, snow, water)
3.Dynamic loads (sudden changes such as winds, earthquakes)
153
Four types of foundations
1. Basements
2. Crawl Spaces
3. Concrete Slab-on-grade
4. Grid of independent piers or poles
154
Two categories of foundations
Shallow foundations (stable soils)
Deep Foundations (unstable soils)
155
Name four bracing+shoring strategies
Sheet Piling
Ties Backs
Slurry wall
Dewatering
156
Types of spread footings
Strip Footings
Isolated Footings
Stepped footings (change levels to accommodate grade changes)
Cantilevered Strap footing (column footing connected by a tie beam to another footing)
Combined footing
Mat or Raft Slab
Floating Foundation (used in yielding soils where the footing is deep enough that the weight of excavated soil is equal or greater than weight of the building)
157
two types of deep foundations
Piles (end baring or friction): driven in, cast in place or encased
Caissons: Case in place
158
Three types of joints
1.Isolation or Expansion Joints (allow movement)
2.Construction Joints (allow construction stop/continue, can be used as isolation joint)
3.Control Joints (line of weakness to control cracking)
159
Three ways to provide structural stability
Shear Walls
Braced Frames
Rigid Frames
160
4 types of fire protection systems (sprinklers)
1.Wet-Pipe System
2.Dry-pipe system
3.Preaction system
4.Deluge system
161
What is a psychometric chart and what is it used for?
Used to determine amount of heat that must be added or removed by HVAC system to achieve an acceptable level of thermal comfort
It is an instrument for measuring atmospheric humidity
162
What 5 things are considered in a psychometric chart?
and how many of them need to be known to read the chart?
Dew point temperature
wet bulb temperature
dry bulb temperature (regular mercery thermometer)
relative humidity
specific humidity (grains of moisture)
2 of these need to be known
163
What does the saturation line (psychometric chart) entail?
assumes beyond is 100% moisture content or 100% humidity.
Taking the specific humidity across the line to the saturation line is the dew point.
164
Define dewpoint
anything below that temperature, moisture will condense and sweat
165
What do the curved lines in a psychometric chart mean?
Relative humidity
166
Yardsticks uses what format for costing and includes what context?
Organized by Masterformat divisions
Costing for 8 major Canadian cities
Section in metric + section in imperial
167
What do the yardsticks lines for costing mean?
Dotted line shows price for supply only
Solid line shows price for installation only
168
Four compensation options
Percentage (of construction cost)
Time Basis (per diem or hourly)
Lump Sum (fixed fee)
Or any combination of the above
169
What are the two widely accepted formats for presenting construction cost information?
Uniformat II (structured system of 8 categories)
MasterFormat 2016 (48 division system)
170
What is parametric estimating?
using measurements (e.g., size, area) against cost per unit to estimate project costs
171
Three costs to consider in Life-Cycle Costing
Capital costs: Initial construction costs, including land, fees, and carrying costs.
Operating costs: Expenditures for building servicing during its life, such as energy, lighting, management, and insurance.
Maintenance costs: Costs associated with repairs and renewals.
172
In Pre-Design phases, what should a financial plan (pro-forma) include?
Hard development costs (construction + land)
Soft development costs
Financing & carrying costs
Escalation
Rates of return on investment and capitalization
