exam 1, psych 188b again Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
socialization:
A
the processes involved in teaching children skills, behaviors, values and motivations necessary for competent functioning in a culture including:
- competency
- gender development
- emotional regulation
- academic success
- religious beliefs
2
Q
competency
A
what we really want our children to have
3
Q
1) Aries’ thesis “Centuries of childhood”
A
a) Beliefs about children change over time
4
Q
2) Middle ages: adult-centered view
A
a) Children are just little grown ups
b) Childhood not seen as a unique developmental period
5
Q
3) Late 16th century: child-centered view appeared
A
Childhood as a distinct period of life
6
Q
St Augustine (354-430 CE)
A
a) Original sin: Adam and Eve
b) “No man is clean of sin, not even the infant who has lived but a day upon earth”
7
Q
2) Martin Luther (1483-2546 CE)
A
a) Patriarchal: fathers should be the authority and moral guide for the household
b) “when a father washes diapers and performs some other menial task for his child, and someone ridicules him as an effeminate fool… God with all his angels and creatures is smiling”
8
Q
3) John Calvin (1509-1564 CE)
A
a) Education and discipline
b) Admonitions would save children from their sinful ways
i) Admonition done gently, gentle telling off
9
Q
4) John Wesley (1703-1791)
A
a) Four principles:
i) Establishing habits (i.e. routines right from birth)
ii) Developing Morals
iii) Discipline (e.g. spanking, shaming, etc.)
iv) Encouraging religious beliefs
10
Q
Aristotle (384-322 BCE):
A
blank tablets
11
Q
John Locke (1632-1704)
A
Some Thoughts Concerning Education
a) “The sooner you treat him as a man, the sooner he will begin to be one.” (p. 72)
12
Q
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778):
A
a) “Children are born innocent and amoral; it is society that corrupts them.” (p. 56)
13
Q
Antiquated Pediatric Treatments
A
a) For good health:
i) Give infants warm baths and diluted wine (Hippocrates, 460-370 BCE)
b) To soothe teething:
i) Smear the infant’s gums with hare’s brains (Oribasius, 325-403 CE)
c) For crying infants:
i) Give them a drink of “quietness”: boiled- down extract of black poppies or poppy seeds (1520-20th century)
14
Q
2) Luther Emmett Holt (1855-1924):
A
a) The Care and Feeding of Children, 1894
i) Recognized the importance of breastfeeding
ii) “Babies under six months should never be played with; and the less of it [play] at any age the better for the infant… They are made more nervous and irritable, sleep badly, and suffer from indigestion and cease to gain weight.” (p. 201)
15
Q
Koala/ kangaroo care:
A
prescribed for sick infants period of time where baby is placed on another person’s skin cause it heals them somehow but we don’t know how or why
16
Q
Golden Hour:
A
the first hour after the child is born it is placed directly on the mother’s chest
17
Q
3) Benjamin Spock (1903-1998)
A
a) The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 1946
i) The Bible of child rearing
1. “You know more than you think you do.” (p. 3)
18
Q
1) Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
A
a) Questionnaires
i) Looking for concrete, empirical examination
b) Favored punishment – “We need less sentimentality and more spanking.” (Cable, 1972, p. 172)
19
Q
John B. Watson
A
a) “Father of Behaviorism”
i) Little Albert
1. Shows how intensely parents can effect their children
20
Q
IV. Social and Political Forces
A
b. Industrial evolution:
i. No more child labor
c. Children’s Rights
i. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
1) Recognition of children’s rights
a) Separate from parental rights
21
Q
Expert Advice
A
Experts do not agree
22
Q
Early Landmark Studies
A
i. Baldwin, Kalhorn, & Breese (1945)
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin (1957)
iii. Baumrind (1971)
23
Q
Baldwin, Kalhorn, & Breese (1945)
A
Parents who were democratic in childrearing styles had the most competent children
a) NOT DEMOCRATS!
b) Having a bi directional relationship: compromise/figuring it out together
Respecting children’s autonomy and things
24
Q
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin (1957)
A
1) Maternal practices vary widely
25
iii. Baumrind (1971)
The typology of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting was established.
26
What's a theory?
a. A collection of observations that has led us to a set of concepts/propositions that helps us to organize, describe and predict behavior
27
purpose of a theory
to organize the way we interpret the world and make predictions of behaviors
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attributes of a theory
i. Provide meaningful explanations/predictions of behavior
ii. Open to scientific evaluation if not sci testing
iii. Stimulate new thinking
iv. Can be applied to real world
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lay beliefs
a. Theories about child rearing help us understand parenting and prescribe the ways in which parents should behave.
30
Freud
1. oral (birth to 12 mons)
2. anal (1-3 yrs)
3. phallic stage (3-6 yrs)
4. latency (6-12 yrs)
5. genital stage (12+ yrs)
31
attachment theory
1) Understanding how love between a parent and child develops and affects development is the focus of attachment theory. This theory has roots in Freudian ideas, evolutionary views, and empirical research in to the mother-child bond in rhesus monkeys conducted by Harry Harlow but focuses on ontogeny. Main Researchers: Bowlby and Ainsworth.
a) Attachment theory has to do with novelty seeking (crawling around and playing with objects cause they feel secure) and proximity seeking (when upset, distressed or fearful they will retreat to the protective arms of a parent).
2) Attachment Parenting (Positive or Negative)
3) Controversial
4) Idea developed by Bowlby based on Freud's theory on evolutionary views and Harlow's monkey experiments
(Freud) The HEART OF ATTACHMENT THEORY: First to identify that there's a realtionship between early life experience and later developmental outcomes. RECOGNIZED AROUND THE 1950S
◊ Main idea of attachment theory: Love is paramount in appropriate and typical development
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Altricial Species:
they give parental care
A. Expectation that the parent will be there to take care of you
B. Large component of attachment theory: importance of caregiver being there
33
Harry Harlow
monkeys
| a) Exploring the significance of the relationship between love and warmth that's obtained by the parents
34
Ainsworth Strange Situation- Secure Children
ii) Securely attached children
A. Not okay when left with stranger because STRANGER ANXIETY
Mom as a secure base:
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Ainsworth Strange Situation- Anxious avoidant
-rejects
1. Doesn't use mom as secure base
2. Isn't upset when mom leaves
3. Ignores care giver
4. Either approach or ignore the mom when she returns
Unique from anxious resistant because of lack of protest when mom leaves!
36
Ainsworth Strange Situation- anxious resistant
- ambivalent
1. Doesn't use mom as secure base
2. When caregiver departs is extremely upset and can't be comforted
i) In example was comforted by other caregiver but not by mom
3. When mom comes back is like "whatever, forget you"
i) Didn't go straight to parent, wants them to hold but is also resisting the touch
37
Ainsworth strange situation- disorganized
- seen with abuse
1. Form of insecure attachment where you don't see rhyme or reason
2. Secure, anxious resistant, anxious avoidant behaviors
3. Abusive parent, substance abuse problems with parents, etc.
4. The most damaging form of parenting is not consistently bad parenting, it's unpredictable parenting!
38
Strange Situation Steps
i) Mother and Child (under age 3)
A. Leave parent and child alone in the room (double sided mirror)
B. Stranger enters, talks with parent, approaches child and parent leaves
1. Seeing how child responds to presence of parent alone, when stranger is present and then when it's just stranger
C. Parent returns
1. What is child's response when parent returns and stranger leaves
D. Child totally alone
E. Stranger comes back again
F. Parent comes back and stranger leaves
39
Freud's influence with attachment theory:
-internal working models
First attachment you have is with your parents!
We develop psychological ideas about how the world works
Secure: my needs will be known and met, I will be attuned to and emotionally regulated and I can freely explore my environment safely.
ii) Insecure: emotional needs won't be met, hold tightly to whatever you get (anxious resistant) or repress emotions, forget you, don't need it any way (anxious avoidant)
40
John Watson:
Father of Behaviorism
4) Extreme view of the role of the environment
5) Key learning mechanisms: classical conditioning
a) Idea that you can teach/train a child to act in any way based on physical environment
b) Can apply to numerous domains
41
Classical Conditioning Review
1) Unconditioned stimulus: you will react naturally to something (UCS=alarm)
2) Conditioned Stimulus: what you introduce and pair with the unconditioned stimulus (CS=startle)
3) With enough repetition you remove unconditioned altogether and it'll elicit the startle
a) UCS (alarm) -> UCR (startle)
b) CS (marshmallow) + UCS (alarm) -> UCR (startle)
42
BF Skinner
1) Advocated use of Operant Conditioning (only worry about consequence and outcome)
2) At the heart of this analysis is that behavior can be modified by its consequences
3) There's a bidirectional (dynamic) aspect of something as simple as reinforcement of behavior
a) Reinforcement may be social as well as material
b) Reinforcement: something to increase the probability the event to happen again
c) Punishment: something that will decrease probability that event will occur again
d) Positive: just means adding something to the environment
e) Negative: just means removing something from the environment
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Reinforcement
something to increase the probability the event to happen again
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Punishment
something that will decrease probability that event will occur again
45
Positive:
just means adding something to the environment
46
Negative
just means removing something from the environment
47
Positive reinforcement
give someone something to increase likelihood of behavior
48
Negative punishment
take something away to decrease likelihood
49
Positive punishment
give someone something to decrease likelihood of behavior
50
Negative reinforcement:
take something away to increase likelihood of behavior
51
three classical mistakes with Operant Conditioning
a) They give attention to undesired behaviors and thereby reinforce them
b) Parents fail to positively reinforce desired behaviors
c) Overly rely on punishments rather than reinforcements
52
5) Two types of fundamental problems with punishments
a) They are generally ineffective because parents do not punish consistently, contingently, firmly and decisively.
b) It introduces fear and anxiety into what should be constructive and pleasant child-parent interactions
53
Each time child gets poo in toilet you give them m&m
positive reinforcement example
54
Child comes home with F on report card and parents take away WIFI
negative punishment example
55
Got into fight on playground, parent spanks them
positive punishment example
56
Child comes home from school and goes straight to homework without complaining
negative reinforcement example
57
Evolutionary theory
Individuals better adapted to environments will likely leave behind more offspring than those who are less well suited
58
evidence of evolutionary theory
i) Infants' cute features
| ii) A baby's cry
59
Adaptation:
being more concerned with passing on genetic code than what is in own self interest
60
How does child abuse fit into evolutionary theory?
a) So in the case of child abuse, there are 500/million and those children being abused is primarily through step parents. Biological parents abusing children is 20/million.
Rates higher now because of more blended families now
61
Behavioral Genetics Theory
i. Understanding unique contributions of both genetic inheritance and the environment
ii. Focuses on genetic inheritance and environmental contributions to behavior or particular characteristics
62
Nativist theory of development:
children's genetic constitution determined the natural unfolding of their inherited predispositions
63
Gene X Environment Interaction
1) First, genes can have an active, passive or evocative role
a) Passive: due to parent's genetic makeup, create an environment that is independent of the influence of the child's genotype
b) Active: an extroverted child will frequently seek out other children to play with
c) Evocative: when parents react to a child's phenotype in a certain way unique to the child
i) An aggressive impulsive child evokes different responsiveness (e.g. discipline) than a calm kiddo
d) Within any family, a child experiences both a shared (among family members) and non shared environment (Unique to kiddo)
2) Adds another layer of complexity to parenting
64
Passive (GXE):
due to parent's genetic makeup, create an environment that is independent of the influence of the child's genotype
65
Active (GXE):
an extroverted child will frequently seek out other children to play with
66
Evocative (GXE):
when parents react to a child's phenotype in a certain way unique to the child
i) An aggressive impulsive child evokes different responsiveness (e.g. discipline) than a calm kiddo
67
Ecological Systems Theory
Particularly influential in two ways:
i. Has helped focus attention on role that context plays in lives of children and parents
ii. It has afforded a theoretical structure within which to integrate diverse research results
IMPORTANT: Not bidirectional; transactional (e.g. the person isn't influencing what happens at the level of culture but they're having almost a symbiotic connection)
```
-> Bronfrenbrenner
Social cognitive theory:
-individual
-microsystem
-mesosystem
-exosystem
-macrosystem (grandest)
```
68
Individual
sex, age, health, temperament
69
Microsystem
refers to immediate setting the person encounters and the activities in those settings
70
Mesosystem:
interconnection between microsystem and individual
| a) How well are the two relating e.g. How well is family preparing child for school?
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Exosystem
a) context of what's happening in terms of media/ social services/ laws in place
b) Politics
72
Macrosystem (grandest scale)
a) Attitudes and ideology of the culture in which the person lives
Social policies, customs, and practices that have an impact on the society's children
73
Chronosystem
refers to how nested systems of interactions influence future behavior as well as change as the child gets older
74
Social Cognitive Theory
currently emphasizes the cognitive and information-process capacities of individuals who mediate their social behavior
ii. Self-efficacy: beliefs about one's ability to effect changes in one's environment to be a key element in understanding human behavior
75
Bandura Social Cognitive Theory
1) Bandura recognized the fundamental roles that direct learning and observational learning play in the establishment of new behavior
a) Bobo doll studies
2) Observational Learning and reinforcement
a) Modeling means more than 3) Bobo Doll Experiment: Model of Aggression
a) Not just doing what they see but expanding on it
b) E.g. saw punching and kicking -> using guns
76
Parent Child Coercive Cycles
Patternson
a) Studied role of social learning in the development of delinquency
b) Mom is positively reinforcing child through yelling not to comply
c) Child is also using negative reinforcement with mother that their non compliance will make the mom give in
These cycles lead to the kid who starts skipping school or mixed with the wrong crowd
77
How to break the Coercive Cycle?
a) Not really answered because you have to put a punishment there but what can the poor parent really give as a punishment?
b) Parents need to carefully think about what issues are important enough to have conflict over, recognize when the conflict is escalating and terminate an escalation (i.e. everyone take five) before the situation gets outta control
78
Social relational theory
i. Traditional View: Parent -> Child
ii. Transactional Effects
1) PC (two way)
79
Parental Role Theory
a. Concerns roles: expectations, behaviors, rights, and obligations of the parent
b. Role conflict: occurs when an individual experiences conflict between the roles of two different statuses
i. E.g. Problem negotiating roles of parent and employee
c. Role Strain
i. Tension on the individual because roles should have same status
ii. E.g. taking care of your kiddo and your elderly mom
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Role conflict
occurs when an individual experiences conflict between the roles of two different statuses
E.g. Problem negotiating roles of parent and employee
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c. Role Strain
i. Tension on the individual because roles should have same status
ii. E.g. taking care of your kiddo and your elderly mom
82
Vygotsky's Theory
a. Zone of proximal development: social influence of how a child is taught is paramount on child's development
i. Parent's job is to create scaffolding
83
Self-Determination Theory
a. Deci & Ryan, 2012
b. Basic Needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness
i. Focuses on agency of child: parents, according to this theory, need to be involved, provide structure, and support the child's developing autonomy
ii. By structuring the environment to promote competence, the environment becomes predictable and understandable.
iii. Autonomy support means taking the child's perspective, encouraging their initiations, and providing them with developmentally appropriate choices.
84
VI. Family Systems Theory
a. Systems theory views the family as the basic emotional unity
b. Any change in the emotional functioning of one member of the family is predictably and automatically compensated for by changes in the emotional functioning of other members of the family
c. Attempts to explain social behavior and patterns of social interactions via an understanding of these systems interacting
i. Second order effects (parenting might change when your partner is there or not)
ii. Co-Parenting (both parents working together)
85
Second order effects
parenting might change when your partner is there or not
86
Co-Parenting
both parents working together
87
Emotional Security Theory
a. Focuses on children's perceptions of and exposure to parental conflict
i. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors develop in response to parental conflict
88
Davies & Cummings, 1994
i. Children's perceptions of parental conflict
1) Infrequent exposure to marital discord -> secure
2) Exposure to frequent marital discord -> insecure
a) Through internal working model
Similar to attachment
89
Piaget's Stage Theory
1. sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
2. preoperational (2-7 yrs)
3. concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
4. formal operational (11-15 yrs onset)
90
intended vs unintended pregnancies
51% of pregnancies are unintended
91
fundamental lifestyle changes associated with childbirth
i. New responsibilities
ii. Role changes
iii. Brings up a lot of old psychological issues
iv. A time of "crisis" (LeMasters, 1957)
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III. Cost of having a child
Cost of rearing a child up to age 3 ~42,000
| Costs of rearing a child to age 17 ~$241,000
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major expenses of a child
Food diapers health care child care education personal care, etc
94
Child Free
18% of couples
95
Importance of planning a pregnancy
-embryo health
96
Things to Avoid during pregnancy
1. Teratogens (any harmful substance)
2. Drugs (OTC and prescription!)
3. Alcohol
4. Cigarettes
5. X-rays
6. Herbicides/pesticides
7. Stress
97
Infertility and its treatment
1. ~11% in women and ~9.4% in men
2. 20% of parents in US wait until after 35 to have kids
i. Higher rates of both down syndrome and autism
98
chances of conceiving naturally per cycle 20-29 yrs
20-25%
99
chances of conceiving naturally per cycle 30-34 yrs
15%
100
chances of conceiving naturally per cycle 35-40 yrs
10%
101
chances of conceiving naturally per cycle 40-45 yrs
5%
102
chances of conceiving naturally per cycle over 45 yrs
1%
103
Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
IUI Intrauterine Insemination
IVF
Surrogacy
104
IUI Intrauterine Insemination
1) Between 700-1000$ / cycle
| 2) 10-20% success rate
105
IVF In Vitro Fertilization
1) sperm and egg put together in dish and then implanted into woman's uterus
2) Cost ~20-25,000$/ cycle
106
Types of IVF:
GIFT - insert eggs/sperm in fallopian tubes
ZIFT - zygote transferred to tubes
ICSI - sperm injection
107
Miscarriage
occurs when pregnancy ends before 20 weeks
i. As many as 1/2 of all pregnancies end this way
ii. Chemical preg: seen on test; body passes it and then you aren't preg the next day
108
Ectopic Pregnancy:
cells implant in fallopian tubes
i. Start to grow there
ii. Can be life threatening! Typically doesn't know!!
iii. 2% of pregnancies
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Healthy pregnancy
1. On ave typical weight gains 25-35 lbs
2. Relaxin: makes bones more rubbery
a. Allows movement in pelvis so they can come out without breaking anything
b. Mucus plug 3 days to 24 hrs before labor
3. Braxton hicks: fake labor. Your muscles practicing contractions
