exam #2 Flashcards

Question

complimentarity

Answer 1

complimentary actions are taking place | e.g. if baby is crying it's taken care of

Answer 2

a parent who is 70% successful is beneficial to the child b/c they learn that things won't always be perfect a) less than this is insecure attachment

Answer 3

1. competing views 2. physiological diff in reactivity, attention and emotionality 3. affects parents and quality of parenting (P C) 4. goodness of fit: PARENT MUST ADAPT TO CHILD

Answer 4

1. childcare: mom: 150, dad: 43 2. pos engage: mom 82, dad: 59 3. responsibility: mom: 39, dad: 29

Answer 5

1. childcare: mom: 108, dad: 43 2. pos engage: mom: 106, dad: 73 3. responsibility: mom: 36, dad: 23

Answer 6

1. mothers employed in labor force in 59% fams 2. US maternity leave short and often unpaid 3. mothers: elevated stress, more depression and more health issues 4. quality of parenting is not affected, but mom less likely to cont breastfeeding

Answer 7

1. day care 2. higher quality > $16,400/yr 3. in la: $1500-2000/mon

Answer 8

1. high quality care provides socially and cog stimulating environ 2. quality depends on adult to child ratio, care provider's training and commitment, physical environment, cleanliness, and safety

Answer 9

1. teaching the skills, values and behaviors for competent functioning 2. this is the age at whih children get lang and we can tell them to do stuffs

Answer 10

1. starts intentional socialization 2. age at which kids cant tell they are diff from us and we have our own goals 3. kids at 8 mons are able to tell they aren't mom (onset of stranger anxiety) 4. discipline is training in order to act in accordance to the rules 5. discipline is a range of techniques that change with child's age and shift from physical to psychological control

Answer 11

1. depends on multi vars | 2. debated whether power assertion is needed

Answer 12

1. establishing routines habits: first 6 wks of freedom, then structure 2. determining activities a) what do you do with your kid? b) kid's job in life is to play c) not just adding child into your world although there's lot of places it has to happen

Answer 13

1. until 2 yrs recommendation is no screen time 2. at age 2 only 1 hr/day 3. new study recently came out found it's all overblown a) all effects can be attributed to qual of parenting b) older kids effects of SNS worse!

Answer 14

1. on ave among a group of toddlers, a toddler gets hit 1x/ 13 mins 2. ability to relate socially and inhibitory control is poor!!

Answer 15

if nothing else anchor your everything to the walls!!!

Answer 16

1. toddlers are emotionally unstable 2. temper tantrums a) dev appropriate; to an extent b) we can still help though 3. can turn it on/off 4. go from one extreme to the next

Answer 17

1. modeling 2. labeling: explain what it is 3. teaching strategies a) e.g. cover your ears, take deep breaths 4. manage the environment to limit distress to child

Answer 18

1. provide objs for play 2. read at bedtime 3. talk! - > not more but better quality

Answer 19

happens at preschool (age ~3-5 yrs)

Answer 20

a) time at which gender ID becomes most salient b) labeling/ teaching time c) provide gendered clothing/ decorations d) expectations/ perceptions e) enforcing gender conformity

Answer 21

1. bio factors 2. peer interactions a) children are most rigid in gender conformity ages ~3-5 b) influence of media-> stereotyped everything!

Answer 22

1. promote the most dev in these domains: a) phys b) cog c) academic d) music e) art 2. just buy both versions 3. directly related to lack on women in STEM

Answer 23

1. very challenging and discipline is paramount here 2. three-nagers 3. need to give kids sense of control 4. balancing control vs granting autonomy a) choice A or B b) ties into construct of parenting style: authoritative technique

Answer 24

1. started with parents of millennials 2. helicopter parenting issues 3. disservice to kids

Answer 25

teaching the skills, values and behavior for competent functioning

Answer 26

1. lacking b/c of protracted dev of PFC 2. at birth, visual cortex is shaky and then it gets huge before pruning 3. PFC burst doesn't happen until 2-4 years after and pruning in adulthood

Answer 27

1. about the ability to control and regulate one's emotions 2. caregiver's role: a) modeling b) direct instruction c) reaction/ discussion of emotion

Answer 28

1. quality of attachment relationships, marital relationship, parenting style 2. effortful control: marshmallow task; harder with low SES 3. worst outcome we see is in unpredictable parenting (consistently inconsistent)

Answer 29

1. coercive discipline: use of punishment to force a certain response/behavior 2. advocates of spanking: often religious leaders 3. review done of effects of spanking (Gershoff, 2002) a) comprehensive review of 88 studies b) evaluated 11 diff dev outcomes of spaking c) only pos thing was immediate compliance d) neg effects i. less moral internalization ii. aggression inc iii. inc in delinquent behavior iv. dec in mental health v. inc likelihood of phys abuse

Answer 30

1. pos parenting 2. component of attachment parenting 3. focus on cooperative relationship between parent and child a) cooperative relationship orientation: Baumrind's parenting styles b) collaboration process: we're both individuals but we both disagree on how to act so let's come to an understandings e. g. you did bad thingy so what should we do about it?

Answer 31

1. from 6/7 to 11/12 | 2. moment of reprieve in parenting cycle

Answer 32

1. continued socializing including a) self-care/ independence b) household rules c) manners/ politeness d) prosocial behavior e) curtailing aggression 2. cooperative parent-child relationship a) most cooperative time b) child sees parents as wonderful still 3. period of much greater independence- transition to outside world

Answer 33

1. by time kid is 5 likely to have sibling 2. meager assoc with higher IQ a) explained by three methods: confluence, resource dissolution, born to rebel

Answer 34

1. zajonc 2. children learn through the imparting of info from more knowledgeable others 3. older kids reinforce this when they're teaching younger kids 4. older siblings have more opportunities than younger to reinforce

Answer 35

1. with each child that joins the fam there are less resources 2. less time to teach + more financial issues

Answer 36

1. sulloway 2. the more children there are in the house, the more likely there's an evo drive to exist that leads younger to be more creative thinkers 3. suggests testing IQ wrong

Answer 37

1. role of temperament influences fighting within siblings | 2. sibling rivalry

Answer 38

1. evo view: scarce resources aka parents' attention 2. dev appropriate 3. conflict (how parents deal with it) a) parental control (warn to stop) b) child centered (help kids express feelings) c) passive nonintervention (let them kill each other)

Answer 39

think diff b/w mom and dad with twins + water melon hemorrhage story

Answer 40

1. uninterested and unavailable 2. trad dad (1950s dad) 3. assistant parent (mom's helper): more common in WEIRD pop 4. co-parent, equal to mom 5. primary care parents

Answer 41

1. not accounted for: how often and in what ways dad is involved 2. what do they look like and quality of interactions 3. regardless fo quality involvement pos assoc with better cog perform and self-competence IF IT'S NOT ABUSE

Answer 42

1. spend more time playing with kids than mom 2. father-son interact diff from father daughter interact a) dads spend more time with male kids b) child effects (aka selection effects for boys)

Answer 43

1. 50 yrs ago: financial support/ disciplinarian | 2. now: financial support, nurturing, involved, equal parenting responsibility

Answer 44

1. less spanks 2. focus on internalization (2 step model) a) understand parental standards/expectations b) do what the standards say to - > parents obligated to designate discipline otherwise 3. pos synchrony linked to relationship quality 4. importance of monitoring: a) parents charged with keeping tabs of kids at this age since they have more autonomy

Answer 45

1. adding kids adds to it 2. kids neg effected by conflict 3. "safe" if characterized by mutual respect and pos communication 4. keep in mind "good enough" parenting and don't try to hide it; you'll fail

Answer 46

1. modeling of neg behavior a) lowered adult maturity b) going at it 2. sense of security threatened a) large proponent of secure attachment: feeling safe in your own home 3. protective factors: a) conflict resolution b) conflict is free of yelling, intense anger, verbal/ phy aggression, threats, withdrawal and child blaming

Answer 47

1. divorce: 50% involve kids a) most kids (90%) stay with mom b) half of divorced individuals remarry within 4 yrs

Answer 48

1. place of residence 2. daily routine 3. schools/peers 4. finances 5. parenting and relationship with parents

Answer 49

1. child age a) very young or adolescence better than middle childhood 2. gender a) boys at larger disadvantage b/c lose male role model and closer to dads 3. stress and acrimony b/w parents a) worse things were at home -> less neg effects 4. 20-25% of kids having high behav probs when from divorced homes 5. remarriage 6. resilience of child

Answer 50

1. Become inc important in middle school | 2. Relationships are qualitatively different than those with parents (horizontal vs vertical)

Answer 51

1. evidence: parents should have a relatively high involvement in middle childhood 2. social broker: organize play dates 3. gatekeeper: maybe we won't have katie over anymore 4. police officer: intervening between conflicts 5. social coach: improving quality of interactions a) monitoring peer relations is important

Answer 52

more likely perpetrated by boys

Answer 53

1. spreading lies about a girl/boy to humiliate | 2. more likely perpetrated by girls

Answer 54

1. victims (30.9%) 2. bullies (7.4%) 3. bully/victim (most probs)

Answer 55

1. victims and bully/victims are more likely to be exposed to neg parenting 2. high parental involvement, support, supervision, good communication and having a warm and loving relationship are protective factors against bullying a) strong relationship with child can serve to protect the child from ever being a victim

Answer 56

1. belies (expectations) 2. behavior (monitoring) 3. age at which you establish all academic good habits 4. strong foundation; good habits 5. school involvement: a) monitoring the child b) more parents are involved with hwk/ more poor child does in school c) creating pos peer network d) involv w/ school tell kid that they've worked hard for grade not that they're smart e) dont overdo praise

Answer 57

1. decide when and where 2. co-view with the child 3. establish rules 4. recommendation: no more than 2 hrs of quality tv / day

Answer 58

1. can be really positive 2. majority of middle school kids play sports 3. generally good a) inc likelihood of child-well being b) dec likelihood of probs 4. only see neg effects of child involve of sports a) detrimental when parents push too hard that's it b) advice given: experts require 10,000 hrs

Answer 59

1. physical and hormonal 2. neuro and cog 3. social

Answer 60

1. auto accidents 2. sexual initiation 3. pregnancies 4. electronic media 5. eating problems 6. substance use/abuse 7. school dropouts 8. mental health problems

Answer 61

1. menarche for girls 2. 1800s ave is 15 3. since then 12 on ave 4. partly influenced by body weight

Answer 62

1. negative 2. made fun of, picked on, greater fat 3. look older and are treated older 4. asynchrony issues

Answer 63

1. all good 2. healthier for boys in all realms 3. instead of parents wanting to protect they're given more responsibility and treated in ways that they can excel

Answer 64

1. sound decision making 2. empathy 3. consider consequences of actions 4. regulating emotions 5. self awareness 5. morality

Answer 65

1. non existent 2. doesn't fully dev until age 25 3. all skills in this dept are lacking

Answer 66

1. reward system 2. planning 3. decision making 4. motivation 5. pleasure 6. regulated by dopamine 7. functionality peaks in adolescence

Answer 67

1. dec self control 2. inc sensitivity to pleasure 3. evolutionarily you are able to procreate so you are separating form parent 4. more likely to explore environment and try new things

Answer 68

1. much of elective time spent with peers not family 2. creating emotional distance from parents a) dev appropriate b) necessarily to facilitate competent adults

Answer 69

1. peer influence -> poor decision making 2. get from point A to B as fast as you can 3. make choice between possibly getting into accident if you run yellow or not running yellow a) alone: no diff based on age b) peer: adols made exponentially more risky decisions 4. correlated w/ number of crashes seen (most adols + peers)

Answer 70

1. found that friends trigger reward circuitry in VS 2. when by self VS activity was low 3. adols + peer -> more dopamine 4. adols don't engage regulatory PFC circuitry like adults do a) adults access it more when peers are there b) ADOLS DONT USE REGARDLESS OF WHO IS THERE

Answer 71

1. 2700 deaths 2. 282,000 nonfatal injuries 3. MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH FOR 16-19 YR OLDS

Answer 72

1. by age 16, 33% teens are sexually active 2. by age 19, 71% active 3. consequences: mental health, STIs, pregs

Answer 73

1. 750,000 pregs for 15-19 yr olds 2. dec probably due to inc access to contraceptives and cog exp in teens of wanting to delay a) cog exp brought about by shows like "16 and preg" and "teen moms"

Answer 74

1. less time spent on hwk or with friends 2. watching 5+ hrs linked to early sex initiation and/or obesity a) basically social disfunction if left of electronic media too long 3. social media a) THE REAL PROBLEM

Answer 75

1. obesity (~32% of children overweight, ~17% obese; rate inc with age) a) not corr with self control b) corr with SES only 2. anorexia nervosa/ bulimia nervosa a) comorbid with other disorders b) crop up in adols, primarily with girls c) anorexia: restrict food d) bulimia: binge/ purge e) MALADAPTIVE COPING DISORDERS

Answer 76

1. cigs/ e-cigs 2. alcohol 3. illegal drugs

Answer 77

1. 7% of teens drop out of HS a) racial disparity 2. lower earning potential 3. linked to drug use, crime, health probs

Answer 78

1. 27% of youth 12-17 yrs receive treatment 2. depression most common 3. DSM V doesn't account for it not being a black/white issue

Answer 79

1. sadness 2. anergia (lack of energy) 3. anhedonia (can't feel pleasure) 4. psycho motor retardation TRAJECTORY: SPIKES IN ADOLS

Answer 80

1. looking at VS in adols when squirting sugar water into their mouths 2. their VS flooded with dopamine 3. coincides with time seeing depresion

Answer 81

1. see someone smile -> dopamine rush 2. kids predisposed to depression vs not 3. children: not sig up adols: yes sig up adols + dep: no activation or underactivation/deactivation *depression = stuff went wrong

Answer 82

1. no dropping out | 2. reduce substance use/ abuse rates

Answer 83

1. attendance rates 2. the yr before they drop and the yr they drop are strongest predictor 3. only 23% of kids say their parents were aware of attendance in school 3. top reasons for dropping out: a) missed too many days and couldn't catch up b) had too much freedom and not enough rules in life

Answer 84

1. MJ: frequent users, experimenters or abstainers 2, frequent users: maladjusted, interpersonal alienation, poor impulse control, emotional distress 3. abstainers: anxious, emotionally constricted, lacking social skills 4. experimenter: psychologically well-adjusted HOWEVER THIS IS ALL CORRELATED WITH PARENTING STYLES!!! a) user: permissive b) abstainer: authoritarian c) experimenter: authoritative

Answer 85

balance of oversight and control with encouraging independence and responsibility

Answer 86

1. psychosocial maturity 2. better grades 3. fewer behavior problems

Answer 87

1. staying connected a) warm, loving, positive relationship (WLPR) b) involved, accepting, supportive, close, connected, caring (IASC3) 2. maintaining open communication a) shame vs guilt 3. monitoring/ knowledge about teens a) more monitoring -> fewer probs 4. using appropriate control techniques a) trust and respect vs suspicion b) establishing clear boundaries/ limits c) age appropriate discipline i. ineffective: inconsistent, physical punishment attempt to psychologically manipulate

Answer 88

1. shame: i am bad 2. guilt: i did something bad 3. shame highly corr with all neg things particularly the ones we discussed with adols 4. guilt inversely correlated with bad things 5. shame needs secrecy, silence and judgement to grow AND shame dies with empathy

Answer 89

1. time at which parents start to let go 2. parents can't control outcomes 3. parents just one potential influence 4. carpenter vs gardener

Answer 90

1. characteristics of teens (temperament/ IQ) 2. circumstances (peer group, neighborhood) 3. genetic susceptibility (predispositions) 4. exposure to life experiences (adversities)

Answer 91

1. carpenter: measurements, blue prints and tools -> everything under parental control 2. gardener: cultivate best possible environment but other influences exist, i'll adjust as i go a) level of stress experienced by parent/child is sig higher if carpenter mentality in parents than gardener mentality

Answer 92

a) reinforcing wrong behaviors b) forget to reward pos behavs c) overreact d) give long verbal explanations e) get involved in coercive cycles

exam #2 Flashcards

(117 cards)