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Microbiology > Exam 1 Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

microbiology

A

area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

microbes or microorganisms

A

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, and fungi

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3
Q

microbes are

A

tiny living systems (except viruses)

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4
Q

what can microbes do

A

-metabolize
-reproduce
-differentiate
-communicate
-move
-evolve

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5
Q

microbes metabolism

A

uptake chemicals from environment and transform within the cell and eliminate wastes

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6
Q

microbes reproduction

A

chemicals from environment are turned to new cells under the direction of new cells

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6
Q

microbes differentiation

A

form a new structure as part of a cellular life cycle

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7
Q

microbes communication

A

interact by chemicals that are released and taken up

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8
Q

microbes movement

A

self-propulsion

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9
Q

microbes evolution

A

evolve to display new biological properties and resistant

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10
Q

when did procaryotes appear

A

3.6 billion years ago

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11
Q

when did eukaryotes appear

A

1.8 billion years ago

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12
Q

How many microbes cause disease?

A

2,000 however there are billions of various microbes

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13
Q

ratio of normal cells to bacteria cells in humans

A

1:10

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14
Q

what percent of bacteria utilize photosynthesis

A

52%

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15
Q

normal microflora

A

-not attacked by our immune system
-inhibit pathogenic bacteria from gaining access to our bodies
-digestion
-provide nutrients we cannot make

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16
Q

how can microbes influence human society?

A

-photosynthesis
-decomposition
-nitrogen cycle
-Regulation of temperature

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17
Q

robert hooke

A

-wrote micrographia published in 1665
-oxford grad
-fought w/ Newton
-curator of experiments for London

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18
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

-daddy of microbio
-homebody fabric merchant
-built single lens microscopes by hand to look at thread counts
-discover first ‘animalcules’

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19
Q

animalcules

A

little things that moved

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20
Q

leeuwenhoek’s microscope

A

-built by hand
-single lens
-up to 300x

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21
Q

hooke’s microscope

A

-up to 30x
-compound microscope

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22
Q

Spontaneous generation theory

A

-brought up by Aristotle but proven to be incorrect by Francesco Redi in 1668 with his fly experiment
-Idea came back up after Leeuwenhoek found ‘animalcules’

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23
Q

Louie Pasteur

A

killed spontaneous generation theory once and for all by using a swan neck flask

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24
All contributions from Louie Pasteur
-disproved spontaneous generation -determined that bacteria were capable of chemical processes -using heat to sterilize liquids -discovered attenuation -created vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies
25
attenuation
weakened form of a bacteria or virus
26
Robert Koch
-1800 -proved the germ theory of disease -german physician -presented steps 'postulates'
27
Koch's postulates
1. same bacteria is present in all cases of disease and not found in healthy people 2. suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture 3. pathogen must be introduced to host and cause the same disease 4. pathogen must be reisolated in pure culture
28
what inspired Koch's postulates?
Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
29
problems with first postulate
-carrier/ asymptomatic state -symptoms w/o pathogen -bacteria not causing symptoms -slow growth rate
30
problems with second postulate
-not all can be grown in pure culture -hard to replicate specific conditions -slow growth
31
problem with third postulate
-not ethical on human -bacteria require cofactors -not everything will be infected by same bacteria
32
Stanley Falcow
extended molecular and genetics into the postulates
33
potential fifth postulate
show that an antibiotic can inhibit/kill the microorganism
34
Ignaz Semmelweis
worked with midwives and hospital deliveries and proposed that handwashing prevented the spread on bacteria
35
Joseph Lister
surgeon who proposed that clean tools should be used during surgeries, used phenol as a anti-microbial agent
36
Linnaeus
2 classification system; animalia and plantae
37
Ernst Haeckel
introduced a third kingdom in 1886, adds Protista
38
electron microscope
-10,000x -revealed that bacterial cells did not look like other cells (specifically nucleus) -led to prokaryote and eukaryote classification
39
Ferdinand Cohn
coined the term bacteria in 1872
40
Robert H. Whittaker
introduced five kingdom system in 1969: anamalia, plantae, protista, fungi, monera
41
Carl Woese
-introduced three domain system: bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya -1970s -used rRNA
42
why is rRNA used to compare genes
-universally distributed -functionally constant -highly conserved and slow changing -adequate length
43
Prokaryote domain
archaea and bacteria
44
eukaryote domain
eukaryotes
45
How to write scientific name
Genus name, then species name with first letter in genus name capitalized and all letters in the full name are italicized.
46
small cells vs large cells
small cells contain more surface area than larger ones, relative to volume
47
coccus/cocci cells
round cells
48
diplococcus
2 round cells together
49
tetrads
4 round cells together
50
sarcina
8 round cells together
51
streptococci
chains of round cells
52
staphylococcus
irregular cluster (grapelike) of round cells
53
bacilli/bacillus
rod-like cells
54
diplobacilli
2 rod cells
55
streptococci
chains of rod cells
56
spirillum
curvy cells
57
spirochete cells
tight coils of cells, seen in limes disease and syphilis
58
filamentous and budding cells
seen in environmental organisms
59
cell envelope
composed of 2 or 3 layers: -cell membrane -cell wall -outer membrane
60
peptidoglycan
another name for cell wall
61
phospholipid
-main structure of cell membrane -amphipathic -hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
62
structure of phospholipid
-fatty acid tail -head composed of glycerol, phosphate, and a side chain made of two sugars
63
integral membrane proteins
embedded within the membranes
64
peripheral membrane proteins
loosely associated with the membrane, external and internal
65
functions of proteins
-structural support -detection of environmental symbols -secretion of virulence factors + communication signals -ion transport -energy storage
66
cholesterol (sterol)
in eukaryote membranes, 4 ring planer structure
67
hopanoids
in bacteria, planar five-ring structure
68
Archea membrane structure/lipids
4 isoprenes linked called phytanyl
69
phytanyl
4 isoprenes linked
70
what connects phytanyl to glycerol
ether linkages
71
archaea membrane stability is provided by?
ring structures bound to branched isoprene
72
lipid-monolayer
in archaea bilayer opens in hit environments and form ones to keep stability
73
cell membrane functions
-protein anchor -energy conservation -permeability barrier
74
energy production in prokaryotes
cell membrane
75
energy production in eukaryotes
mitochondria and chloroplasts
76
diffusion of molecules
passive process, small and uncharged molecules
77
osmosis
mostly simple diffusion but can increase rate by adding aquaporions
78
osmotic relationship between cells and environment
determined by the relative concentrations o the solutions on either side
79
isotonic
equal concentrations inside and outside the cell
80
hypotonic
higher concentrations inside the cell causes the cell to burst
81
hypertonic
higher concentrations outside of the cell and causes the cell to lyse
82
active transport mechanisms
-use energy -saturation effect -highly specific regulated
83
saturation effect
so many places to bind before a protein stops functioning correctly
84
Primary transports utilize
ATP
85
Secondary transports utilize
proton gradients
86
Antiport
ports where two things are going in opposite directions, ex. Na/K pump
87
symport
port where both things are going in the same direction, ex. lactose
88
ABC transporters
ATP-binding cassette, primary active transport

Microbiology (20 decks)

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