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Microbiology > Final Exam: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam: Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

-handheld microscope
-microscope had one Lens
-300x magnification on microscope

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2
Q

Archaeal cell membranes

A

-hydrocarbon chains linked together via ether linkage
-monolayers formed in microorganisms that live in high temps

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3
Q

bacterial cell membrane

A

-anchor site for many proteins involved in cellular activity
-site of proton motive force
-act as permeability barrier

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4
Q

ABC transport mechanism

A

-only expressed if solute present
-only specific solute/subset will be transported by the transporter
-energy for transport provided by hydrolysis of ATP

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5
Q

group translocation transport

A

group of proteins work together to modify an incoming molecule resulting in sugar traveling down [ ] gradient

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6
Q

TAT system

A

-translocate folded proteins
-Tat A transporter forms after recognition of protein for delivery
-requires proton motive force for energy

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7
Q

Gram staining

A

-primary stain is crystal violet
-decolorizer is only applied for 5 seconds
-safranin will stain microorganisms pink

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8
Q

T/F bacteria and Archaea are more similar to each other than either is to eukarya

A

False

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9
Q

T/F bacterial cells tend to have smaller surface to volume ratio than eukaryotic cells

A

false

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10
Q

T/F if bacterium is not equipped to handle hypotonic environment water will leave the bacterial cell an and cause bacteria to shrivel and die

A

False

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11
Q

T/F fatty acids are found within the cell membrane of all prokaryotes amd eukaryotes

A

false

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12
Q

T/F both the Sec and Tat pathways require an N amino terminal signal peptide for the secretion of proteins

A

True

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13
Q

T/F bacterial flagella are rigid straight structure much like their eukaryotic counterparts

A

False

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14
Q

T/F the MS and C rings found within the basal body of a bacterium flagella have a helical arrangement of negative charges to allow rotation

A

False

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15
Q

Spontaneous generation theory was discovered by

A

Francesco Redi

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16
Q

What experiment was initially able to disprove spontaneous generation theory

A

-flies did not appear in jar when covered w mesh, poked holes, or closed completely
-flies appeared when jar was open

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17
Q

Who finally killed the idea of spontaneous generation theory and how

A

Pasteur, using a swan neck flask and amimacules

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18
Q

Semmelweis

A

observed women who went o midwives to give birth were less likely to get an infection compared to those in the hospital due to contamination and going from patient to patient in hospitals

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18
Q

Two reasons why rRNA worked for sequencing organisms for comparison

A

-universally distributed
-adequate length of reading frame

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18
Q

Woese was able to determine _______ by _______

A

-all living organisms should be classified into 3 domains
-sequencing rRNA

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19
Q

Haeckel

A

proposed 3 kingdom system

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20
Q

Whittaker

A

proposed 5 kingdom classification system

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21
Q

important discovery that lead to the 5 kingdom classification system

A

two different cell types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic, found by using the electron microscope

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22
Q

Falkow

A

development of the molecular Koch’s postulates

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23
what were the molecular koch postulates helpful in determining
-genes important for pathogenesis -creation of some antibiotics
24
Sarcina
round shaped organisms arranged into a makeup of 8 round cells
25
two other arrangements for cocci organisms
streptococci, staphylococci
26
what adds rigidity to eukaryotic cell membranes
sterols
27
what adds rigidity to prokaryotic cell membranes
hopanoids
28
symport and antiport
active transporters that use proton gradients to power movement across membrane
29
what adds rigidity to archaeal cell membranes
ring structures bound to branched isoprenes
30
siderophores
-low molecular weight molecules that are released by many bacteria to acquire iron -ferrichrome and enterobactin
31
two alternating sugars in peptidoglycan strands
- N-acetylglucosamine - N-acetylmuramic acid
32
alternative name for peptidoglycan
murein
33
In gram negative organism, what two amino acids are crosslinked and how are they crosslinked
- DAP to D-alanine - direct connection
34
Lipoteichoic acids
polymers of ribitol or glycerol joined by phosphate group embedded in cell membrane of gram positive microorganisms
35
What is attached to lipoteichoic acids glycerol and ribitol
D-alanine
36
braun's lipoprotein
-found in gram - organisms witin the inner leaflet of the outer membrane -function to form connection between outer mem and peptidoglycan
37
porins are
trimeric
38
where are porins found
outermembrane of gram - bacteria and create 4 pores
39
T/F porins are the same as aquaporins found in cell mem of many bacterial cells
False
40
Lipid A
-portion of LPS located within outer leaflet of outer mem -do not contain glycerol but a disaccharide of glucosamine phosphate
41
glucosamine phosphate connected to core polysaccharide via
Ketodeoxyoctanate and 10 sugars
42
final component of LPS molecules
O polysaccharide
43
India ink
used to visualize capsules
44
fimbrae
short, fine, bristle-like appendages that can be found around the perimeter of a bacteria cell
45
pilli
elongated tubular structures that transfer genetic material
46
lophotrichous
type of polar flagellation where there is a tuft of flagella found at one pole of the cell
47
Koch first postulate and a flaw associated with it
-All infected organisms will show signs of infection and it would not be seen in a healthy individual -flaw: asymptomatic/carrier forms of pathogens
48
T/F robert Koch himself realized that his postulates were flawed
true
49
Sec A and SRP int he Sec pathway
-Sec A is an external peripheral membrane protein -SRP is an integral membrane protein
50
How and why are bacterial cells are under more osmotic pressure than eukaryotic cells and why they require envelopes
there are no membrane bound organelles
51
How are bacterial cell walls resistant to our prteases
bc bacteria alternate between L amino acids and D amino acids and our proteases can only break down L
52
why was penicillin only effective against gram + bacteria when it first came out
Penicillin acts in the cell wall and outer membranes are not present in gram + organisms So penicillin ha direct access to the cell wall of the bacteria
53
why is bacterial count and results of blood culture important
Gram - release of lipid A
54
What is the decolorizer in a gram stain
alcohol with 95% ethanol
55
how will the appropriate amount of decolorizer affect gram positive bacteria
in gram + the decolorizer will dehydrate the stain and lock in the purple color
56
what makes cell envelope structure of mycoplasma unique compared to most other bacteria
mycoplasmas utilize sterols to add rigidity to their cell membrane because there is no cell wall
57
one difference and one similarity between peptidoglycan of mycobacterium and gram - organisms
-both mycobacterium and gram - have a thin peptidoglycan layer -mycobacterium has a higher degree of crosslinking within peptidoglycan than gram -
58
what is found between peptidoglycan layer and mycomembrane
arabinogalactan
59
why do mycobacteria take so long to grow
they have mycolic acid in their inner leaflet and phenolic glycolipids in the outer leaflet that forms a very hydrophobic environment, the arabinogalactan forms a dense sugar network as well making it hard to take in nutrients
60
acid-fast staining
staining procedure that determines the presence of mycobacteria
61
peptidoglycan glycan sheets
-use NAG and NAM - beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages -L-ala branches from NAM (see L and D forms of AA)
62
pseudopeptidoglycna glycan sheets
-use NAT and NAG -beta 1,3 glycosidic linkages -only utilize L forms of the AA
63
what is the most common structure in archaeal cell envelopes
S layers
64
Chemoreceptors that recognize nutritional changes will signal to ______ proteins involved in flagellar motion
Eli
65
who coined the term cell
Hooke
66
who was the first person to use the term bacteria
Cohn
67
2 ways that filament of archaellum are different from filament of flagellum
-archaeal filament is not hollow, bacterial filament is -bacteria filament uses flagellin protein, archaeal filament used 7-12 other proteins that arent flagellin
68

Microbiology (20 decks)

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