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Exam 1 Remaining Material Flashcards

1
Q

Granuloma

A

Collection of macrophages

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2
Q

Granuloma AKA

A

Epithelioid cells

Giant cells

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3
Q

Caseating Granuloma indicates

A

TB

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4
Q

Inflammatory mediators

A

Prostaglandins

Substance P

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5
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Pain

Fever >100.4 F/ 38C

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6
Q

Substance P

A

NT

Pain signals

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7
Q

Unresolved inflammatory reactions can be caused by

A

Persistent infection
Immunosuppression
Hypersensitivity reactions

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8
Q

Features of chronic inflammation

A

Mononuclear WBC (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

Tissue destruction

Vessel production and fibrosis

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9
Q

Lymphocytes are a part of

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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10
Q

B Cells evolve into ___ that secrete ___

A

Plasma cells

Antibodies

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11
Q

Lymphocytes sustain

A

Chronic inflammation via cytokines

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12
Q

Dominant cell type at site of chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

Job of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis of microbes and injured cells

Initiate angiogenesis and fibrosis

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14
Q

Classically activated macrophages

A
  1. Phagocytosis and killing

2. Inflammation

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15
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages

A
  1. Tissue repair, fibrosis

2. Anti-inflammatory effects

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16
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages secrete GFs that promote

A

Fibroblasts- scarring

Angiogenesis

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17
Q

Systemic effects of inflammation initiated by

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

Steps fo scar formation

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Fibroblast migration and proliferation
  3. Collagen deposition
  4. Remodeling
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19
Q

Granulation tissue develops in ___ days

A

3-5

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20
Q

Fibrosis occurs when

A
  • severe damage
  • prolonged injury
  • injury to terminally differentiated cells
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21
Q

In fibrosis, injured cells are replaced by

A

Connective tissue

22
Q

Granulomatous inflammation also present in

A

Crohn’s, syphilis, leprosy, persistent fungal infection, cat-scratch disease

23
Q

Prostaglandins are produced by

A

Mast cells
Macrophages
Endothelial cells

24
Q

Fever is produced when

A

Prostaglandins interact with hypothalamus to increase body’s temperature

25
Substance P is produced by
Leukocytes | Sensory nerves
26
Examples of persistent infections
Hep B and C TB C-Diff
27
Examples of prolonged injury
Tobacco smoke
28
Stimuli to classically activate macrophages
Microbes Crystalline substances Particles from tissue necrosis
29
Fibroblasts secrete
Collagen
30
Acute-phase response is a nonspecific response which involves
Fever, changes to proteins in blood, increased numbers of WBC in circulation
31
Acute-phase proteins are found in blood plasma and are produced by the
Liver
32
Acute phase proteins
- elevated C-reactive protein | - increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
33
Elevated CRP levels can serve as a marker for
Heart attack risks
34
ESR is the rate that..
RBCs fall out of suspension within 1 hour
35
Leukocytosis describes
Elevated level of WBC inside circulation and is traditionally associated with inflammation
36
Normal WBC levels range
4,000 - 10,000 cells/microliter
37
Bacterial infections are more likely to produce elevations in
Neutrophils
38
Viral infections stimulate elevations in
Lymphocytes
39
Leukemiod reactions mimic elevated WBC levels associated with
Leukemia
40
Conditions that produce Leukemoid reactions
Mono TB C-Diff
41
Other effects of the acute-phase reaction
Anorexia Somnolence Malaise
42
Tissue repair focuses on 2 main processes
1. Tissue regeneration | 2. Scarring/ fibrosis
43
Regeneration
Tissue is able to return to normal state
44
Tissues that are regularly dividing or have high capacity for cell division are more likely to heal via
Regeneration
45
Example of cells that heal via regeneration
Labile cells Skin GI mucosa
46
Liver may regrow up to ___ of its mass due to unique ability of hepatocytes
90%
47
Fibrosis commonly occurs in injured tissues that are ____ or ____
Incapable of cellular division Severe tissue damage
48
The greater the injury to the ECM...
The more scar tissue that must be deposited
49
Fibroblasts accumulate at the site of injury within
3-5 days
50
Granulation tissues
Specialized tissue that is composed of fibroblasts, newly formed capillaries, loose ECM and WBCs
51
Granulation tissue is ___ that serves as
Pink-colored tissue Tissue that scarring is built upon

Gen Path (10 decks)

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