exam 1 - resp emergencies

Question 1

is the nose often a site for resp emergency

Answer 1

no but epistaxis can cause resp distress and stenotic nares can lead to heat stress

Question 2

what in the esophagus can cause resp distress

Answer 2

eso mass or FB that impinges on trachea

Question 3

emergency tx for larynx emergencies

Answer 3

sedation, oxygen, +/- corticosteroids
paralysis, trauma, neoplasia

Question 4

surgical options for larynx emergencies

Answer 4

temp tracheostomy,
laryngoplasty - paralysis, rarely done on emergency

Question 5

types of tracheal emergencies

Answer 5

traumatic disruption
obstructive lesions

Question 6

how to dx tracheal tears

Answer 6

SQ emphysema, pneumomediastinum
tracheoscopy, rads

Question 7

tx for tracheal tears

Answer 7

conservative - cage rest, rarely tube trach

Question 8

do we do surgery for tracheal tears

Answer 8

no
resection/anastomoses occasionally needed

Question 9

where does inspiratory distress point to in the trachea

Answer 9

extrathoracic

Question 10

where does expiratory distress point to in the trachea

Answer 10

intrathroacic

Question 11

emergency tx of tracheal obstruction

Answer 11

sedation, oxygen, +/- corticosteroids

Question 12

surgery for tracheal obstruction

Answer 12

tube trach caudal to obstruction
FB retrieval, rings or stents for collapse

Question 13

what does hyporesonance mean in thoracic percussions

Answer 13

fluid, solid organs
thud sound

Question 14

what does hyper-resonance mean in thoracic percussion

Answer 14

air, gas filled organ
ping

Question 15

causes of pleural space emergencies

Answer 15

pleural effusion, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia

Question 16

emergency tx of pleural effusion

Answer 16

thoracocentesis, thoracostomy tube

Question 17

typical vs tension pneumothorax

Answer 17

tension = flap that prevents air escape once its entered

Question 18

emergency tx of pneumothorax

Answer 18

thoracocentesis, thoracostomy tube

Question 19

what is most common - typical or tension pneumothorax

Answer 19

typical

Question 20

mediastinal emergencies

Answer 20

pneumomediastinum, septic mediastinitis, hemomediastinum

Question 21

which mediastinal emergency has the most mortality`

Answer 21

septic mediastinitis

Question 22

pneumomediastinum tx

Answer 22

rarely needed - address underlying cause
can progress to pneumothorax

Question 23

how does septic mediastinum start

Answer 23

eso perforation

Question 24

pulmonary edema

Answer 24

accumulation of fluid in pulmonary interstitium and alveoli

Question 25

can pulmonary edema be life threatening

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

causes of pulmonary edema

Answer 26

increased pulmonary capillary pressure increased pulmonary capillary permeability - leaky

Question 27

will hypoproteinemia cause pulmonary edema

Answer 27

not alone

Question 28

special cases of pulmonary edema

Answer 28

high altitude, thromboembolism, neurogenic, ARDS

Question 29

what is the one type of high pressure pulmonary edema

Answer 29

cardiogenic

Question 30

pulmonary edema tx

Answer 30

treat underlying cause oxygen, diuretic, bronchodilators, ventilation

Question 31

when to use Abx for pneumonia

Answer 31

based on culture

Question 32

pneumonia vs pneumonitis

Answer 32

pneumonia - inflammation from infection pneumonitis - noninfection inflammation

Question 33

what is pulmonary contusion

Answer 33

truamatic injury resulting in hemorrhage and edema in parenchyma

Question 34

what are the 2 endpoints for pulmonary contusions

Answer 34

most resolve in 3-10 days some severe enough to cause death

Question 35

tx for pulmonary contusion

Answer 35

symptomatic NO ABX - unless secondary pneumonia avoid fluid overload - give diuretic if suspected

Question 36

how does pulmonary thromboembolism present

Answer 36

cause of acute, unexpected death rarely diagnosed antemortem

Question 37

tx for pulmonary thromboembolism

Answer 37

symptomatic anticoagulant thrombolytics rarely used - too risky

Question 38

what end airway disease in what animal is most likely to present for emergency

Answer 38

cat allergic bronchitis

Question 39

feline asthma CS and emergency tx

Answer 39

paroxysmal cough, wheezing, resp distress, cyanosis bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen

Question 40

infectious bronchitis causes

Answer 40

viral, allergic, aspiration

Question 41

infectious bronchitis tx

Answer 41

often not emergent bronchodilation, nebulization, Abx

Question 42

lung lobe torsion presentation

Answer 42

pleural effusion

Question 43

normal tx for lung lobe torsion

Answer 43

surgery - not usually emergency

Question 44

emergency tx for lung lobe torsion

Answer 44

thoracocentesis, thoracostomy tube

Question 45

are rib fx life threatening

Answer 45

not normally but can cause pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, myocardial injury

Question 46

rib fx emergency tx

Answer 46

intercostal nerve block, avoid thoracic bandage

Question 47

what is flail chest

Answer 47

segment of thoracic wall with multiple ribs fractured dorsally and ventrally causing paradoxical motion

Question 48

flail chest tx

Answer 48

emergency - supportive - intercostal nerve blocks surgical - splint, rarely necessary

Question 49

is thoracic wall perforation bad

Answer 49

yes, can be rapidly fatal close defect early, place thoracostomy tube