EXAM 1 REVIEW Flashcards
(122 cards)
Aristotle
Developed the concept of associationism.
Believed that memory depends on the formation of associations, for which there are 3 principles:
- Contiguity
- Frequency
- Similarity
Loved gathering data, was the first popular Greek philosopher to emphasize natural observation, not just intuition and logic.
An empiricist.
Studied under Plato, who studied under Socrates.
associationism
Aristotle’s idea that memory depends on the formation of linkages (associations) between events, sensations, and ideas. He recognized that recalling of experiencing one thing elicits a memory or anticipation of another thing that a person has mentally linked to it beforehand
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B.F. Skinner
Radical Behaviorism
The Skinner Box: automated learning apparatus
Found out (by accident) that rats learn as quickly and as frequently as when they are rewarded on every trial, sometimes even better!
Researched how learning is affected by the reliability with which the an organism’s responses result in the desired consequence
During World War II, Skinner began the Pigeon Project to use pidgins for missile guidance systems. This was never put in action.
behaviorism
Argued that the field of psychology should restrict itself to observable behaviors and avoid reference to unobservable, often ill-defined mental events.
Behaviorists thought that psychology should be dealt with as a natural science, with scientific experiments and methods.
John Watson
Clark Hull
B. F. Skinner
classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
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confounds
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cognitive revolution
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conditioned emotional response
W. K. Estes and B.F. Skinner
A new technique for studying learned fear
Foot shock and freezing behavior in rats
Cognitive Psychology
connectionist models
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contiguity
Nearness in time and/or space.
Events experienced at the same time (temporal contiguity) or in the same place (spatial contiguity) tend to be associated
One of Aristotle’s 3 principles of Association.
control/experimental group
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correlational study
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distributed representation
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dualism
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empiricism
The concept that knowledge is gained through experience.
The Greek word “Empiricus” means “Experience”
Aristotle was the 1st empiricist
Aristile, John Locke, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike
eugenics
Responsible for the Concept of Eugenics.
Encouraged marriage & procreation among the healthiest, strongest, and most intelligent members of society. Discouraged child-bearing in the mentally ill physically “unfit.”
Applied Darwin’s Natural Selection to the human condition.
Contributed to the Holocaust, thousands of forced sterilizations in the U.S., and other movements of “ethnic cleansing.”
Greek word for “well-born”: eugenes.
experimental psychology
A branch of psychology in which psychological theories are tested by experiment, rather than merely by observation of natural events.
The field of psychology began to be treated as an actual science.
- Herman Ebbinghaus = father of experimental psych
- Ivan Pavlov
- Edward Thorndike
extinction
The process of Reducing a LEARNED Response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reinforcement or punishment.
Pavlov, Classical Conditioning
generalization
The ability to transfer past learning to novel events and problems.
When one transfers what it has learned about one stimulus to another similar stimuli.
Herman Ebbinghaus
Began the movement into Experimental psychology.
Sought to explain the phenomena of memory with mathematical equations.
Not a wealthy man; did not own a lab, so he did experiments on himself.
Tested his own memory of nonsense words that he found in the book Through the Looking Glass.
Retention curves, forgetting, relearning
independent and dependent variable
independent variable: The thing that is manipulated in a study.
dependent variable: the observed thing whose change is being measured
instrumental (operant) conditioning
The kind of training in which subjects learn to make responses in order to obtain a reinforcement or avoid a punishment.
Think Edward Thorndike, Law of Effect
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist
Developed methods for animal learning.
Got a Nobel Prize for his research on saliva and digestion.
Noticed that dogs salivated when they heard the steps of the lab attendant who generally fed them.
In one experiment, they rang a doorbell before feeding the dogs until the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell.
This is Classical Conditioning!!
Used the analogy of the telephone.
learning curves, extinction,
John Watson
Father of Behaviorism
Found that rats had learned na automatic set of motor habits for moving through a maze, and that these habits were largely independent of external sensory cues.
Strong Empiricist, followed Locke’s ideas.
Ambitious, self-made
Had an affair with his research assistant, which blew up in the media.
johns Hopkins University gave him the option of ending then affair or leaving the university. He kept the assistant, left his wife, and left the university.
Then he entered the world of marketing. Invited Taste Tests and other advertising & marketing strategies
