EXAM 1 Review

Question 1

Define Dialect

Answer 1

Mutually intelligible form of language that differs in systematic ways

Question 2

Define Language

Answer 2

Written or spoken method of communication

Question 3

Define Pidgin

Answer 3

Language developed as means of communication between (2) or more speakers in simplified forms

Question 4

Define Creole

Answer 4

Linguistic expansion over generationsfrom an existing pidgin

Question 5

Define Neurolinguistics

Answer 5

Study of biological and neural foundations of language

Question 6

Define Phonology

Answer 6

Study of speech sounds

Question 7

Define Morphology

Answer 7

Study of Internal structure of words

Question 8

Define Syntax

Answer 8

Study of structure of phrases and sentences

Question 9

Define Semantics

Answer 9

Study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

Question 10

Define language Acquisition

Answer 10

Children are able to speech, sound, and organize language in a structure

Question 11

What is an L1?

Answer 11

(1st) Primary language learned

Question 12

What is an L2?

Answer 12

(2nd) language learned

Question 13

Define Innateness Theory

Answer 13

Humans are pre-programmed/ have innate capacity to develop language

Question 14

Define Sequential Bilingualism

Answer 14

Established L1 as a kid, acquiring L2 as an adult

Question 15

Define Simultaneous Bilingualism

Answer 15

Learning before 3 years of age, (2) or more languages

Question 16

Define Societal Bilingualism

Answer 16

(2) or more languages referred to as a “official languages”

Question 17

Define Borrowing

Answer 17

Word or phrase from another language embedded in a sentence

Question 18

Define Code-Switching

Answer 18

Variation between (2) languages by bilingual speaker respecting grammar rules and categories

Question 19

Define Universal Grammar

Answer 19

Common grammar elements, common to natural human languages

Question 20

Define Accent

Answer 20

Phonemic distinction revealing region of country where speaker grew up.

Question 21

**Listen to recording for English Only Movement Question

Answer 21

…

Question 22

**Listen to Recording of English-Only Debate Question

Answer 22

…

Question 23

Summarize and comment on Pennsylvania Germans

Answer 23

Era: Colonial Pennsylvania

Who? Ben Franklin wanted Germans to assimilate and concerned they were failing to learn English;German influx affect business and power

Quote: Great Disorders and inconveniences may one day rise among us

Question 24

Summarize and comment on Louisianans

Answer 24

Era: Prior to Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Who? Thomas Jefferson promised democracy to culture and language minorities, but ruled elections to be in English, not French.

Quote??

Question 25

Summarize and comment on American Indians

Answer 25

Era: (1868) Indian Peace commission; passify and English -only schooling

Who? John Elliot

Quote: Through sameness of language is produced sameness of sentiment

Civilization vs. Barbarism

Question 26

Summarize and Comment on Puerto Rico

Answer 26

Era: After Spanish - American war (1898) English declared official langue of the school room

Who? Teddy Roosevelt

Quote” English is the chief and only source of democratic ideas in Puerto Rico”

Spanish was restored as official language (1948)

Question 27

Summarize and comment on Native Hawaiians

Answer 27

Era: 1820’s

Who? American Missionaries and Sugar planters

Effect: Developed Pidgin and Creole, leading to segregation in schools ( English Standard and Non-whites)

Question 28

Summarize and comment on European Immigrants

Answer 28

Era: Anglo conformity came at beginning of 20th century

Who? Kellor

(1920’s) Strict immigration quotas for non-English speakers

Xenophobia during WWI, post-war Red Scare

Question 29

Summarize and comment on Californios

Answer 29

Era: (1849) California Constitution giving Spanish language rights with bilingual publication of state laws

• Foreign Miner Tax to Latin Americans
  (1851) California Land Act

(1878-1879)English Only mandate

Affected Who? Mexican Americans; earliest uses of English-Only measure to deprive minority group

Question 30

Describe how Article 28 (English-Only Arizona) became real

Answer 30

District Court ruled it violating 1st Amendment
THEN…
Arizonans appealed to 9th Court, where Supreme Court said they don’t have say in a state constitution
Then…
Prop 106 is overturned, and Prop 103 of “all official actions are to be in English” is required.
THEN…

Question 31

Who is John Tanton? What did he say?

Answer 31

John Tanton was progressive being president of Sierra Club, Board Member, and Planned Parenthood.. but then became U.S. English favored

“To Govern is to populate..”Comparing Southern California to South Africa

Question 32

What are some opinions/quotes of Newt Gingrich and Bob Dole?

Answer 32

Gingrich: “immerse in English, so not language of living in a ghetto”

Dole: “ Ensure all opportunities for children are same, but alternative language should stop and make English an official language of the U.S.”

Question 33

Points of those who favor for U.S. English Only

Answer 33

Mauro Mujica : Believes English is a type of social glue
Teddy Roosevelt: English is the source of democratic ideas
Ben Franklin: Great Disorders and Inconveniences will rise among us
John Tanton: Southern California will turn like South Africa, large black majority with small white minority because of bilingualism

Question 34

Points of Crawford against English Only

Answer 34

Saying proponents state:

• Today’s immigrants refuse to learn English
• Ethnic Leaders promote Bilingualism for selfish needs

Crawford refutes proponent arguments by stating

• Research shows that the shift to English as the usual language are increasing
• Pride has been based on democratic principals not ethnicity
• English is not threatened as opposed to Indigenous languages