Exam 1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Define: Advanced System Interface
A
A UI that uses complex technologies to simulate or
replace real-world stimuli and interactions
2
Q
List the types of ASI’s
A
Virtual reality (VR) Simulators (Sims) Augmented reality (AR) Large Interactive Displays (LIDs) Gestural Interfaces (GIs)
3
Q
Define: Virtual Reality
A
A 3D computer-generated world seen from a
first-person point of view that is under the real-time
control of the user
4
Q
Define: Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
A
A visual display worn on the head that provides
graphics in front of one or both eyes
5
Q
What are common features of HMD’s?
A
Stereoscopic
Moderate field of view (FOV)
Full field of regard (FOR)
6
Q
What is moderate FOV?
A
Usually 45 to 90 degrees
7
Q
What is the full field of regard?
A
360 visual degrees surrounding the user
8
Q
What does CAVE stand for?
A
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment
9
Q
Define: CAVE:
A
A room-sized environment in which projectors display
computer graphics on multiple walls
10
Q
What are common features of a CAVE?
A
Stereoscopic
Large field of view (FOV)
Large field of regard (FOR)
11
Q
What is large FOV?
A
Around 120 degrees
12
Q
What is large FOR?
A
Usually 180 to 270 degrees
13
Q
Define: Simulator (Sim)
A
A device that artificially recreates a specific experience
or task and the environment in which it takes place
14
Q
List three common types of simulators
A
Vehicle
Walking
Task
15
Q
Define: Vehicle Simulator
A
A simulator that recreates the experience of operating
a vehicle
16
Q
List three common types of vehicle simulators
A
Flight
Racing
Mining
17
Q
Define: Walking simulator
A
A simulator that recreates the experience of walking
in an environment
18
Q
What do walking simulators often rely on?
A
Omnidirectional treadmill (ODT)
19
Q
List four types of walking simulators
A
Belt-based
Roller-based
Sphere-based
Frictionless-based
20
Q
Define: Task simulator
A
A simulator that recreates the experience of
completing a task
21
Q
What are task simulators usually used for?
A
Training
22
Q
What are task simulators primarily used in?
A
Medicine
Military
Mining
23
Q
Define: Augmented Reality
A
A real-world environment that is enhanced
(augmented) with virtual objects or information
24
Q
What are common types of AR?
A
See-thru HMD
Mobile displays
Projection mapping
25
Define: Large Interactive Display (LID)
A large visual display system that affords natural
| interactions
26
What do large interactive displays usually support?
Touching the display
| Pointing to the display
27
What are two common types of large interactive displays?
Powerwall
| Tabletop
28
Define: Gestural Interface (GI)
A UI that uses gestures to interact with the system
29
What are two commercial types of gestural interfaces?
Microsoft Kinect
| Leap Motion Controller
30
Define: Advanced Interaction Technique
A method that uses complex technologies to allow
| users and computers to communicate
31
What is the most common type of advanced interaction technique (AIT)?
3DIT
32
Define: 3D Interaction Technique
A method for users and computers to communicate
| in a real-world, 3D space
33
List three broad types of 3D interaction
Navigation
Selection and manipulation
System control
34
What is navigation for a 3D interaction technique?
Traveling through a virtual environment
35
What is Selection and Manipulation for a 3D interaction technique?
Interacting with virtual objects
36
What is System control for a 3D interaction technique?
Issuing commands to the system
37
Define: Navigation Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to move
| to a desired position within the virtual environment
38
What is navigation technique also referred to as?
Travel technique
39
List three reasons to travel
Exploration
Searching
Maneuver
40
What is exploration?
Browsing the virtual environment
41
What is searching?
Looking for a particular object
42
What is maneuver?
Making small adjustments to position
43
What are the six categories of navigation techniques?
```
Physical locomotion
Device-based
Steering
Selection-based
Manipulation-based
Scaling-based
```
44
What does physical locomotion rely on?
The user’s physical movements for travel
45
T/F Physical locomotion Usually mimics a natural method of locomotion in the real world
T
46
List examples of physical locomotion
```
Walking
Redirected walking
Seven league boots
Walking in place
Human joystick
```
47
Which physical locomotion applies slight rotations to the user’s movements instead of using a one-to-one mapping?
Redirected walking
48
What is the pro of redirected walking?
Avoids physical space limitations
49
What is the con of redirected walking?
Continuously changes the alignment of the physical and virtual spaces
50
Name the physical locomotion: The user physically steps in place to virtually walk in the direction of the steps
Walking in place
51
How is walking in place implemented?
Tracking the user’s feet or by tracking the
| bobbing of the user’s head
52
What is the pro of walking in place?
Avoids physical space limitations
53
What are the cons of walking in place?
Not as natural as walking
| Suffers from recognition errors
54
What are the recognition errors experienced with walking in place?
Delay in recognizing steps
Not recognizing intended steps
Recognizing unintended steps
55
Define: Selection Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to choose
| one or more objects from a set of available objects
56
Define: Manipulation Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to position, rotate, scale, or otherwise modify objects
57
Why are selection and manipulation techniques often difficult to separate?
Manipulation closely follows selection
58
List 5 categories of selection techniques
```
Touching
Pointing
Occlusion
Enclosure
Indirect
```
59
What is the touching selection technique?
Uses an object under the direct control of the user to touch other objects
60
What does the controlled object represent in the touching selection technique?
Virtual hand
61
What are two examples of the touching selection technique?
Simple virtual hand
| Go-Go
62
What does a simple virtual hand require?
A 6-DOF hand tracker
63
What does a simple virtual hand use?
A strict, one-to-one mapping between the user’s physical hand and a virtual hand
64
What is normally used to confirm a selection with a simple virtual hand?
A button
65
What are the pros of the simple virtual hand?
Most natural selection technique
66
What are the cons of the simple virtual hand?
Cannot select objects outside of arm’s reach
67
What does Go-Go function as?
Simple virtual hand
68
Beyond the threshold of Go-Go...
Positioning is nonlinear, but rotations are still one-to-one
69
What are the pros of Go-Go?
Can manipulate objects outside of physical reach
| Fairly natural technique
70
What are the cons of Go-Go?
Nonlinear mapping makes positioning objects at certain distances impossible
71
List 4 categories of manipulation techniques
Hand-centered
Offset-based
Proxy
Indirect
72
Proxy uses...
A proxy object as a frame of reference for positioning, rotating, and scaling objects
73
How are proxy objects normally manipulated?
Hand-centered manipulation
74
What are examples of Proxy?
World-in-miniature
| Voodoo dolls
75
What is World-In-Miniature also referred to as?
WIM
76
What is World-In-Miniature?
Places a miniature version of the world near the user, usually in the non-dominant hand
77
What happens when miniatures are manipulated?
The full-scale objects are manipulated as well
78
What are the pros of World-In-Miniature?
Can manipulate objects outside of physical reach
79
What are the cons of World-In-Miniature?
Miniatures can be difficult to select and manipulate
| Miniature world can occlude the full-scale world
80
What are Voodoo dolls?
User uses image-plane selection to create local “dolls” of remote objects in non-dominant hand
81
What are voodoo dolls manipulated with?
Dominant hand
82
T/F When dolls are manipulated with dominant hand,
| the actual objects are also manipulated
T
83
What are the pros of voodoo dolls?
Dolls less likely to block the full-scale world
84
What are the cons of voodoo dolls?
Requires bimanual input
85
Define: System Control Technique
An interaction technique that allows the user to request the system to perform a function, change the mode of interaction, or change the system state
86
List system control techniques
```
Graphical menus
Voice commands
Gestural commands
Tools
Symbolic input
```
87
What are graphical menus?
Provide 3D objects for the user to select commands from
88
Graphical menus are the...
3D equivalent to 2D desktop menus
89
List examples of graphical menus
Floating menu
Ring menu
TULIP menu
3D widget
90
What is a floating menu?
A 2D menu adapted to 3D space
91
How are floating menus usually interacted with?
A pointing technique
92
List different placement styles of floating menus
```
World-referenced
Object-referenced
Head-referenced
Body-referenced
Device-referenced
```
93
What is navigation?
Traveling through a virtual environment
94
What is selection and manipulation?
Interacting with virtual objects
95
What is system control?
Issuing commands to the system
96
Define: User Experience
A user’s behaviors, perceptions, and emotions when
| using a product
97
What does the UX include?
User performance
Usability
Preferences
Physical and psychological responses to the user interface
98
T/F Advanced system interfaces have less UX requirements than traditional interfaces
F, they have more
99
List the 5 categories of UX requirements
```
Performance
Physiological
Psychological
Affective
Instructional
```
100
What are the three performance requirements?
Speed
Accuracy
Precision
101
How is speed measured?
By task completion time
102
Define: Accuracy
A measurement of correctness with which a task is performed
103
Define: Precision
A measurement of the consistency with which a task is performed (average performance)
104
Define: Physiology
The way in which an organism or bodily part functions
105
What are the three types of physiology?
Ergonomics
Simulator sickness
Physical exertion
106
Define: Psychology
The way the human mind functions, especially with
| regard to behaviors
107
What are the 3 types of psychology?
Flow
Engagement
Presence
108
Define: Affective
Relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes
109
List 3 main types of affective requirements
Perceived usability
Enjoyment
Emotions
110
Define: Instructional
Relating to teaching, training, and education
111
List 3 main types of instructional requirements
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
112
What are the reasons to evaluate a technique, interface, or system?
Observe
Assess
Compare
113
What are the two parts of research questions?
Address the goal
| Guide the design
114
What is "Address the goal of your rigorous UX evaluation"
Answering the questions should result in observing,
| assessing, or comparing an interface
115
What is "Guide the design of your rigorous UX evaluation"
If the design is too narrow, there will not be data to
answer the research questions
If the design is too broad, there will be too much
data to easily answer the research questions
116
What are the two parts of a hypotheses?
Indicate expected outcomes
| Justify the expectations
117
What is "Indicate expected outcomes for each research
| question"
Provide a preliminary answer for each question
118
What is "Justify the expectations based on your prior
| knowledge"
Provide a potential cause or reason for each
| preliminary answer
119
Define: Independent Variable
A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the
| researcher to help answer the research questions
120
What is an independent variable also referred to as?
Factor
121
What are two examples of independent variables?
Training method for an efficacy study involving a new
training system
Field of view (FOV) for a comparison study looking at
which FOV is better for HMDs
122
What kind of study does not have an independent variable?
Baseline study observing a single interface
123
T/F A baseline study observing a single interface does not have an independent variable
T
124
Define: Levels
The distinct states that an independent variable is
| controlled at
125
What is an example of Levels?
FOV
126
List 4 levels of FOV
75 degrees
90 degrees
105 degrees
120 degrees
127
Define: Condition
The intersection of independent variables at specific
| levels
128
What is a single factor example of conditions?
Training method (2 levels): New system, old system
129
What is a multi-factor example of conditions? In this example, how many conditions are there?
Display (2 levels): Oculus Rift, Samsung Gear VR
Input (2 levels): Game controller, Keyboard + mouse
4
130
Define: Dependent Variable
A measure that is expected to vary with changes to
| the independent variables
131
What do dependent variables depend on?
Independent variables
132
List examples of dependent variables
Completion time
Number of errors
Perceived usability
Presence
133
Define: Confounding variable
An unintended variable that correlates with both the
| independent variables and the dependent variables
134
What is a confounding variable also known as?
Confound
135
What is an example of a counfounding variable?
Airflow in olfactory display study
136
List three primary types of user studies
Within-subject
Between-subjects
Mixed-design
137
Define: Within-subject
Every single subject experiences every single condition
138
Define: Between-subject
Each subject experiences one condition
139
Define: Mixed-design
Each subject experiences multiple conditions but not
| every single condition
140
What are three principles essential to ethical research
| with humans
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice
141
What are the two basic ideas for respect for persons?
Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents
Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to
additional protections
142
What is an autonomous agent able to do?
Consider the potential harms and benefits of a situation
Analyze how those risks and potential benefits relate to his or her personal goals and values
Take action based on that analysis
143
Who does diminished autonomy apply to?
Children
People with developmental disorders
Individuals suffering from dementia
144
What are the challenges of respect for persons?
Making sure that potential participants
| comprehend the risks and potential benefits of participating
145
What are the two influencing techniques that should be avoided?
Coercion
| Undue influence
146
What is coercion?
Explicit or implied threats
147
What is undue influence?
Excessive compensation
148
T/F All subjects must provide voluntary informed
| consent to participate
T
149
What are three fundamental aspects of informed consent?
Voluntariness
Comprehension
Disclosure
150
Define: Voluntariness
Decisions about participation should not be influenced by anyone involved in conducting the research
151
Define: Comprehension
Individuals must have the mental or decisional capacity to understand information presented to them
152
Define: Disclosure
Provides a reasonable person the information necessary to make an informed decision
153
What are the two general rules of beneficence?
Do no harm
| Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
154
Define: Justice
Requires that individuals and groups be treated fairly and equitably in terms of bearing the burdens and receiving the benefits of the research
155
What does IRB stand for?
Institution Review Board
156
What is the responsibility of the IRB?
Reviewing and approving human subjects research activities
157
What does the IRB consist of?
5 or more institutional members with varying expertise and diversity
158
What are the five principles of running experiments?
```
Protect your participants
Follow the protocol
Be consistent
Be diligent
Be courteous
```
159
What does it mean to be diligent?
Accurately capture all of the data expected of you
160
What does it mean to be consistent?
Use the same language and tone when running sessions
161
Define: Confidence interval
The percentage of probability that a sample’s mean is
| within a designated distance of the population’s mean
162
Define: t-Test
Used to determine if the means of two conditions are
| significantly different from each other
163
T/F t-Test can be used with more than 2 groups
F, only 2 groups
164
Define: Anova
Used to determine if the means of two or more
| conditions are significantly different from each other
165
T/F Anova only determines that there is a difference
T
166
T/F Anova determines which conditions are different
F, it does not
