Exam 1 review Flashcards
(249 cards)
1
Q
What is a theory?
A
a hypothesis that has withstood extensive testing
2
Q
How does an open system contrast with a closed system?
A
An open system exchanges materials with its surroundings, while a closed system doesn’t.
3
Q
What is exponential growth
A
Growth that occurs as a constant percentage of the existing amount
4
Q
Why is human population growth often considered the foremost environmental problem?
A
Increasing population strains resources and creates additional wastes.
5
Q
An atom with atomic number 11 has 11 protons 11 neutrons 22 electrons all of the above?
A
11 protons
6
Q
Which of the following can not be classified as a mineral? -salt -ice -diamond -glass
A
Glass
7
Q
Which is the most abundant element (by weight) in Earth’s crust? -Aluminum -iron -Oxygen -Silicon
A
Oxygen
8
Q
Most of the Earth’s crust consists of _____ materials -Carbonate -Silicate -oxide -sulfide
A
Silicate
9
Q
Which of the following formulas represents an oxide? -FeS2 -KAlSi3O8 -Fe2O3 -CaSO4
A
Fe2O3
10
Q
Intrusive Igneous rocks differ from extrusive igneous rocks primarily in
A
Crystal size
11
Q
Clastic sedimentary rocks differ from chemical sedimentary rocks in that…
A
Clastic (or detrial) rocks are composed of pieces of preexisting rocks
12
Q
A metamorphic rock with a non-foliated texture is produced by
A
Contact metamorphism
13
Q
In which rock type would you hope to find fossils
A
Fossiliferous limestone
14
Q
Jello begins as a liquid but after cooling becomes a solid (yet wobbly) material. This could be seen as an analog for the formation of…
A
igneous rocks
15
Q
The change of bread to toast is an analog for a metamorphic rock formed by??
A
Contact metamorphism
16
Q
Adding layers to a sandwich could be seen as an analog for the formation of which kind of rock? -Metamorphic -Igneous -Sedimentary
A
Sedimentary rocks
17
Q
Which of the following is a mechanical weathering process? oxidation dissolution sheeting cracks or unloading joints hydrolysis
A
Sheeting cracks or unloading joints
18
Q
The following equation is an example of which chemical weathering process? CaCO3 + H2CO3 + H2O = Ca++ + 2HCO3- + H2O oxidations hydrolysis dissolution formation of carbonic acid
A
Dissolution
19
Q
What silicate material is least resistant to chemical weathering? biotite olivine feldspar quartz
A
olivine
20
Q
The formation of clay from the weathering of feldspars is an example of.. -Hydrolysis -oxidation -dissolution -none of the above
A
Hydrolysis
21
Q
What is the primary nuclear reaction that takes place within the sun? A. Fission B. Fusion C. Radiation D. Nucleation
A
B) Fusion
22
Q
Which statement best describes the four outer planets in our solar system? A. They are Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Pluto. B. They are all the same in size, type of atmosphere, and density. C. They are large and made of rock. D. They are large and made of gas.
A
D) They are large and made of gas
23
Q
Which of the following characteristics of Earth make it a unique planet in our solar system (i.e. only Earth has this characteristic)? A. it has an atmosphere B. contains liquid water at the planet’s surface C. is composed of rocky material D. the presence of ice
A
B) contains liquid water at the planet’s surface
24
Q
Which term is used to describe the relatively small area around a star where surface temperatures would allow for the existence of liquid water? A. Biosphere B. Terrestrial Region C. Habitable Zone D. Potential Biotic Area
A
c) Habitable zone
25
The conclusion that the flat-lying sedimentary rocks at the top of the Grand Canyon are younger than those beneath them is an application of which principle? A. cross-cutting relationships B. superposition C. original lateral continuity D. uniformitarianism
B) Superposition
26
What is older a fault or a rock?
The rock
27
The isotope Einsteinium-253 has a half-life of 20 days. If you began an experiment with an 80-gram sample of Einsteinium-253, how much would remain after 60 days? A. 60 grams B. 40 grams C. 20 grams D. 10 grams
d) 10 grams
28
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 500 million years. Scientists testing a rock sample discover that the sample contains three times as many daughter isotopes as parent isotopes. What is the age of the rock? A. 500 million years B. 1,000 million years C. 1,500 million years D. 2,500 million years
B) 1000 million years
29
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 1,000 million years. Scientists testing a rock sample discover that the ratio of parent and daughter isotopes indicates that the rock is 3,000 million years old. What percentage of parent isotopes remain in the sample? A. 40% B. 25% C. 12.5% D. 5%
c) 12.5%
30
Because today's sand dunes contain large cross-beds, ancient sandstones with large cross-beds are usually considered to be dune deposits. What principle is applied to reach this conclusion? A. superposition B. original horizontality C. cross-cutting relationships D. uniformitarianism
D) uniformitarianism
31
If you pull on a rubber band it will change shape. Pulling on the band is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. stress B. strain C. brittleness
A) Stress
32
If you pull on a rubber band it will change shape. The change of shape is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. stress B. strain C. brittleness
B) strain
33
Imagine that you find a wax candle on a table in a warm room. The candle bends when you push down on both ends and push up in the middle. When you put the candle back on the table, it maintains its bent shape. The change of shape of the candle is an example of ____________ behavior. A. elastic B. brittle C. ductile
c) ductile
34
A pencil will bend if you push down on both ends and up in the middle. If you stop pushing, the pencil will return to its original shape. The bending is an example of __________ behavior. A. elastic B. brittle C. ductile
A) Elastic
35
What is the relative displacement of the fault that offsets the road in the photo?
A. left lateral
B. right lateral
C. normal
D. reverse
B) Right lateral
36
What type of fault is shown in this figure?
A. normal
B. strike-slip
C. reverse
c) Reverse fault
37
What types of fold is shown in this picture?
A. anticline
B. syncline
A) Anticline
38
What type of stress produced the faults and folds shown in this figure?
A. tension
B. compression
C. shear
B) Compression
39
When we shake up a vial and then turn it upright, what will the layering look like?
A) water, oil, air
B) Air, water, oil
C) Air, oil, water
D) Oil, water, air
C) Air, oil, water
| (DENSITY!!!)
40
Consider three rock types and their densities:
basalt 3.0 g/cm3
granite 2.7 g/cm3
iron 7.9 g/cm3
peridotite 3.3 g/cm3
How would they be layered in Earth's gravitational field?
Iron, Peridotite, Basalt, Granite (Heaviest at the bottom to lightest at the top)
41
How does the lithosphere differ from the asthenosphere?
The lithosphere is stronger than the asthenosphere
42
Earth is the only planet with this
Liquid Water
43
What are the two main branches of Geology?
Physical and Historical
44
What does environmental geology do?
Solves problems between humans and the environment
45
How do you test a hypothesis?
Experiment, observe, data collection
46
What is a theory?
Theories explain hypotheses that survive repeated testing
EX: Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of Geology
47
What is a Universal Law or Unifying Theory?
A theory that explains many types of phenomena and has survived all challenges
48
What is junk science?
"science" that is not testable, has a selective use of data, and conflicts of interest
EX: Tobacco companies funding "research" on how cigarettes dont cause lung cancer
49
A set of ideas that unifies a field of inquiry is?
A Law
50
What is a system?
Any part of the universe that we select for study
51
What is an open system?
A system that interacts with surroundings and exchanges energy and matter
52
53
What is a closed system\>?
A system that doesnt interact with its surroundings and can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.
54
What are the 4 major systems of Earth?
Geosphere-Solid Earth
Hydrosphere- water
Atmosphere- gasses surrounding earth
biosphere- all living things on the planet
55
What are the main elements of the Geosphere
Oxygen and Silicon
56
Name the main elements of the hydrosphere
Oxygen and Hydrogen
57
Name the main elements of the Atmosphere
Nitrogen and oxygen
58
What are the main elements of the biosphere
Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
59
Name this equation
Y=mX+b
Linear Growth equation (constant/fixed)
60
Y=ex
is the equation for
Exponential growth
(amount added keeps increasing-larger the numberm, the faster it grows)
61
How do you figure out the population growrh rate?
Birth rate minus death rate
62
What is a non-renewable resource
A resource being used or consumed at a rate faster than its being replenished (metals, coal, oil)
63
What is a renewable resource?
A resource thats being replenished faster than its being used or consumed
EX: solar energy
64
LOOK AT FIGURE 3.13 in BOOK
know this figure
65
What kind of texture do igenous rocks have?
Crystalline
66
What are two other textures of rocks
Porphyritic and Pegmatitic
67
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
From material that has been weathered eroded and transported and then deposited by water, wind or ice
68
During lithification and diagenesis...
Sediments buried as new sediment is deposited on top.
Deeper sediments get compacted
grains get cemented together by mineral rich fluids
69
Clastic texture has
Rounded grains with holes in between
like Sandstone, Shale, or Conglomerate rocks
70
Cross bedding occurs
In a variety of sedimentary environments: Sand dunes, River deposits, and shore areas
71
Example of a trace fossil
Trails, burrows, footprints
72
Ripple marks and mudcracks in sedimentary tell us the water was...
Shallow
or
Deep
Shallow
73
What is a Karst Landscape?
Landscape with sinkholes, caves, solution features
74
What is Porosity?
Amount of space/voids between rocks
75
What is permeability?
How easily can a fluid move through that rock
76
Porosity and permeability control a rock's ability to...
transmit fluids
77
If a sedimentary rock has rounded grains-its evidence of
Water transport
78
What is Regional Metamorphism?
Increased temperature and pressure
79
What is contact metamorphism?
Increase temperature but not pressure
80
What is dynamic metamorphism?
Shallow part of a subduction zone where the temps are low and the pressure is high
81
What is foliation?
Linear fabric
82
Foliated or Non-Foliated?
- Mineral grains realign in a direction perpendicular to stress
- stress may be regional or dur to dynamic metamorphism
- Rock recrystallizes under conditions of directed stress
Foliated rocks
83
Foliated or Non-Foliated?
- Can form under conditions of elecated temperature and no greatly increased pressure
- Under direct stress the only way that ______ rocks develop is when their mineralogy is relatively uniform
Non-Foliated
84
3 types of foliated rocks
Gneiss
Schist
Slate
85
2 Nonfoliated rocks
Quartzite and Marble
86
Foliation planes are often zones of
weakness
87
What is an element?
A substance that consists only of atoms with the same atomic number; it cannot be separated chemically into other substances
88
What is an atom?
Smallest particle of a given element
- composed of a dense nucleus which contains protons and neutrons and a diffuse electron cloud which orbits the nucleus
- The number of protons equals the number of electrons
89
What kind of charge does a proton have?
Positive
90
What kind of charge does a neutron have?
Neutral
91
What kind of charge does an electron have?
Negative
92
A substance formed by the combination of elements is
A compound
93
The smallest particle of a compund that retains all the characteristics of the compouond is
a molecule
94
The number of protons in an element is the
Atomic number
95
The number of protons + the number of neutrons is the
Atomic mass
96
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons
Ex: Carbon
12C ---6 protons and 6 neutrons
13C---6 Protons and 7 Neutrons
14C--- 6 protons and 8 neutrons (radioactive)
Carbon 13 and CArbon 14 are isotopes
97
Electron Shells:
Rows called periods are...
The number of orbitals that are being filled
98
Electron Shells:
Columns are groups...
Elements in the same column behave similarly because outer electron shells are similar
99
What kinds of charge does a cation have?
positive
100
An anion has what kind of charge?
negative
101
Na+ is what kind of ion?
Cation (sodium loses an electron)
102
Cl- is what kind of ion?
Anion (chlorine gains electron)
103
What has a crytalline structure
Minerals
104
How does crystallization occur?
Cooling and precipitation
105
A slow cool of a mineral creates
Large, perfect crystals
106
A rapid cool of a mineral has...
no time to create a crystalline structure
107
Precipitation is
When ions (left behind as liquid evaporates) bond together
108
A Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is
a basic building bloack of all silicate minerals
109
Example of a framework silicate
Quartz
110
Example of a sheet silicate
Muscovite
111
Hornblende has a .....
double chained silicate structure
112
Important silicate minerals are:
Ferromagnesian minerals
feldspars
quartz
mica
113
Ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars weather to
Clays
114
Minerals with simple structures like olivine form at high temps and are
easily weathered
115
Minerals with complex structures like quartz form at lower temps and are more
resistant to weathering
116
3 native elements
Gold, diamond, Sulfur
117
Weathering is
The breakdown of rocks and minerals at the earths surface by physical, chemicanl and biological activity
118
The removal and transportation of weathered or unweathered material by wind, running water, waves, glaciers, groundwater, and gravity is...
Erosion
119
Sediment is soil that has been
eroded and transported
120
Why do rocks weather?
They are unstable and subject to change being exposed to the temperature and pressure conditions at the surface
121
A process that causes rocks to disintegrate to smaller pieces dur to mechanical processes is
Physical weathering
122
Decomposition of minerals that make up rocks via chemical reactions is
chemical weathering
123
Physical weathering: Frost wedging is when
water in the cracks and pores of a rock expands when it freezes. Expansion causes the rock to crack. (e.g. potholes)
124
Plant roots expanding cracks is a form of
Physical (mechanical) weathering
125
Unloading joints(sheeting cracks) is a type of
--this is where rocks look like onion layers
-Due to pressure release as rocks are uplifted and overlying rocks are eroded away
Physical weathering
126
Temperature expansion (growing from heat) and crystal growth are two examples of what kind of weathering?
Physical weathering
127
Physical weathering leads to increased ______ on rocks
surface area
128
\_\_\_\_\_\_ involved the reaction of unweathered minerals in crustal rocks with water, acids, and oxygen
Chemical weathering
129
Fragments of primary minerals, newly formed secondary minerals and dissolved ions are
Products of chemical weathering
130
Logarithmic scales increase by factors of
10
10^0 =1
10^1=10
10^2=100
10^3=1000
131
on the pH scale, a 5 is ___ times more acidic than a 6
10 times
132
H2O+CO2 \<----\> H++(HCO3-) \<---\> H2CO3
This formula is an example of
Formation of a carbonic acid
133
A solid mineral dissolving in water is called
dissolution
EX: Table salt in water
\*important reaction for a carbonate
\*\*Natural dissolution of carbonates leads to Karst landscapes
134
Karst development is when
Dissolution leads to sinkholes, caves, etc.
135
Complex weathering reaction in which minerals and water react to form new minerals and ions is called...
Hydrolysis
\*Primarily involves silicates
\*\*PRODUCES SECONDARY MATERIALS\*\*
136
"Rotten granite" is used a lot in landscape, this is what mineral broken down?
Feldspar
137
When electrons are transferred between compounds its called
Oxidation/Reduction
\*electrons are transferred between compounds\*
- oxygen is often the reactant
- if iron is the mineral bein oxidized, you get iron oxide AKA rust
138
Weathering proceeds faster with greater \_\_\_\_\_\_
Surface area
-mechanical weathering increases surface area and surface area to volume ratio
139
Physical weathering dominates in what kind of areas?
Cold and dry
140
Chemical weathering dominates in what kind of area?
Humid and tropical
141
How do we know the big bang is real?
Galaxies are moving farther away and theres microwave radition coming from deep space
142
The big bang happened how many years ago?
13.7 billion
143
How do you calculate Gravity?
Mass X distance2
144
Stars consist mainly of what two elements?
Hydrogen and helium
145
Stars burnout and explode into
Supernovas
146
Stars undergo nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion is how we get that electromagnetic radiation
147
How do you calculate density?
Mass divided by volume
148
Name the terrestrial planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
149
Name the Jovian planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
--planets are made of gasses-no solid surface, large and less dense than terrestrial planets
150
What are 1-10 km in diameter, are rocky fragments embedded in masses of ice and frozen gas, with highly elliptical orbits?
Comets
151
What are mostly rock and metallic material?
Asteroids
-Mostly from asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter
152
Earths only satellite is the
Moon
153
The moon controls
the tides
and minimizes Earth's wobble which reduces seasonal extremems
154
The moon was made from...
A large meteorite impact very early in Earths history
155
Our solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust is called the
Nebular hypothesis
156
Because a supernova disturbed the cloud of gas and dust, it caused the cloud to...
contract.
-denisty increases and begins to rotate
157
Accretion is when
particles clump together
158
Planetesimals are
Small planets
159
Solar systems central star is the...
Sun
160
Our solar system is ______ years old
4.6 billion
161
Planetesimals grow rapidly into
Planets
162
While EArth forms the dense elements sink. these elements are mainly
Iron and nickel
163
Lighter elements rose to the surface when creating earth. These elements are:
Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, carbon, potassium, and Sodium
164
The origin of water on the Earth came from
Volcanoes emitting water vapor AND collisions of icy asteroids
165
Surface temperatures and pressures that allow water to exist in all ___ states
3: liquid, vapor, solid
166
Planet's surface temp is controlled by:
Distance from the sun AND composition of the atmosphere
167
What are the main gasses that make up the atmosphere?
Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)
168
Outer planets have atmospheres with "lighter" gasses like...
Hydrogen and helium
169
Inner planets have atmospheres with "heavier gases"
Like nitrogen and oxygen
170
Earths atmosphere started mainly as what 2 elements?
Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
171
Earth orbits in our sun's \_\_\_\_\_
habitable zone
172
The narrow zone around a star where the planets surface temps are such that liquid water can exist is called the...
Habitable Zone
173
How many other planetary systems have been discovered around stars in our galaxy
180
174
Life on Earth began over ________ billion years ago
3.5 billion years ago
175
Precambrian stage was how many years ago?
\*\*FIGURE 1.11 in text\*\*
4.6-544 million year ago
176
What came about in the Precambrian stage?
1st life forms, simple 1 cell organisms, cyanbacteria/blue-green algae
--End precambrian period = fossils with hard parts
177
Paleozoic age (means old life)
544-251 million years ago.
-1st organizsm with hard parts begins it, life starts in oceans (fishes), land= amphibians then reptiles.
\*\*First plants in Mississippian ends this stage with a permean mass extinction event 95% species go extinct
178
Mesozoic Time period (middle life)
251-65 million years ago
- Age of the reptiles
- Flowering plants -----\> cretaceous period
Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction (Dinos die)
179
Cenozoic (Recent Life) Time Period
65 million years ago to Present
- Age of Mammals
- Ice Ages
180
Earth's time as one year:
Beginning of EArth history: January 1
Oldest survivng rocks: Middle February
Oldest fossils: Early March
1st fossils of animals with hard parts: Middle October
first dino fossils: December 11
Last dino fossils: DEc 26
First modern human fossils: 23 minutes before midnight
Egyptian civilizations: 35-14 seconds before midnight
Roman civilizations: 18-11 seconds before midnight
Columbus arrives in America: 3.5 seconds before midnight
Past 20 years: 0.14 seconds before midnight
181
Superposition is when:
The oldest rocks are at hte bottom and the youngest rocks are at the top
182
Sedimentary rocks are formed in a:
Flat lying orientation
183
If rock layers are tilted or folded, some post-depositional deformation must have occured like:
A mountain building event
184
Unconformity is when:
Theres a significant gap in the geological record
185
Angular unconformity is:
period of tilting and erosion before new sediments are deposited
186
What is lateral continuity?
When layers of sedimentary rock are deposited as continuous "blankets" covering the bottom of basins
187
Cross cutting:
When any rock or feature that is cross-cut by another rock or feature IS OLDER than that which cuts it
188
Rock fragments that are incorporated inot a rock are OLDER than the rock in which they are incorporated are known as:
Included Fragments
189
Radiogenic isotopes are
isotopes with an unstable nucleus which decays spontaneously to become another element
190
Parent elements decay to form:
Daughter products
191
The rate of decay of an isotope is proportional to the number of parent atoms \_\_\_\_\_\_
present
192
Decay occurs at a __________ that is specific to each isotope
Fixed rate
193
Half life is the amount o time required for 1/2 of a given amount of a radioactive parent isotope to decay to its:
Daughter product
194
_Parent_ _Daughter_
Time 0 100% 0%
1 half life 50% 50%
2 half lives 25% 75%
3 half lives 12.5% 87.5%
4 half lives 6.25% 93.75%
This is EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
195
Half life of Uranium238
4.5 billion years
Daughter product is Lead 206
196
Half life of Uranium 235
700 million years
Daughter product is Lead 207
197
Half life of Potassium 40
1.3 billion years
Daughter products is: Argon 40
198
Half life of Carbon 14
5730 years
Daughter product is Nitrogen 14
199
Radiogenic isotopes are incorporated into what kind of rock
Igneous
200
What do we measure when dating igenous rocks?
Time of crystallization
201
What do we measure when dating metamorphic rocks?
Time of metamorphism
202
What do we measure when dating sedimentary rocks?
The only way to determine absolute age is using carbon 14 which limits us to relatively young sedimentary rocks
203
Uniformitarianism
The present is the key to the past:
All physical and chemical processes that we observe today also operated in the past
204
A sporadic geologic process is:
Random discrete events
frequency determines whether there is historic memory of such events
205
Incremental geologic processes are:
Slow but constant
create problem of "creeping normalcy"
206
Equation to calculate risk is:
Probability of event X expected conequences
207
Internal heat drives:
Plate tectonics
208
Dynamic interior of Earth requires:
A source of internal heat
-due to the decay of radioactive minerals
209
Earth's thick rock blanket insulates and prevents
heat escape
210
Earths surface is constantly changing due to
Atmospheric and hydrolic processes
211
Stress is:
force per unit area
212
3 types of stress:
Compression-squishes
Tension- lengthens
shear
213
Strain is:
The deformation produced by stress
- Shortening
- Lengthening
- Rotating
214
Elastic Limit is:
the point at which deformation becomes permanent
\*below elastic limit: when stress is removed the material return to original shape
\*Above eleastic limit: when stress is removed the material does NOT return to original shape
215
Plastic Defomation is also known as
Folding
-Ductile materials tend to deform plastically; shape changes and doesnt spring back after stress is removed
216
Ruptures are faults and fractures
Brittle material tends to breakl when elastic limit exceeded material break and cant return to original shape
217
Faulting is the opposit of
Folding
218
Plastic deformation or folding happens when
there are slower stress rates
greater pressure (deeper)
Higher temps (deeper)
higher water content
219
What is a fracture?
A break in rock along which no movement has occurred
\*brittle behavior
220
Fractures tend to _____ rocks
Weaken
221
A fault is:
A break in rock along which movement HAS occurred
222
Different stresses cause different types of faults
Name the 3 types
Strike slip
Reverse
Normal
223
Strike slip FAult stress:
Shear
224
Reverse FAult Stress:
Compression
225
Normal FAult stress:
tensile
226
Density is:
Mass divided by volume
grams divided by centimeters cubed (cm3)
227
Earths inner core is:
Solid
MEtallic solid- made of iron and nickel
800 miles thick
228
Outer core is:
LIQUID
iron and nickel alloy
1370 miles thick
Density 11g/cm3
229
Mantle is iron and magnesium rich silicate rock
1800 miles thick
denisty is 4.5g/cm3
high temps lead to plastic deformation
Mantle is like silly putty
Upper mantle is 3.35 g/cm3; lower mantle is 5.5g/cm3
230
Name the two types of Earth's crust
Contintental and Oceanic
231
Features of Continental crust:
22-44 miles thick
Density: 2.8g/cm3 (less dense than oceanic)
older than oceanic crust
Composition is intermediate (diorite) to Felsic (granite)
Landforms: Mountain belts, linear platforms, lowland plains, plateaus, continental margin and shelf, continental slope/rise
232
Oceanic Crust
70% of Earths surface
3-5 miles thick
Density is 3.1g/cm3
younger than 200 million years
composition: basalt (mafic)
Landforms: ave depth 3711 meters, abyssal plains 2200-5500 m deep, oceanic ridges 1000-3000 m deep, trenches 5500-11000 m deep
233
What is istostacy?
Fancy word for floating
234
istostacy calculation of iceberg:
density of ice divided by density of water times 100
.9/1.0 =.9
.9x100=90%
90% of an iceberg is below the surface
235
Lithosphere covers the:
Crust and upper mantle
- made primarily of silicate materials
- brittle and rigid plates (cold and strong)
236
Asthenosphere is:
Hot and slowly flowing layer of weak rock (plastic); part of upper mantle
Depth 100-200 km
237
Lithosphere is
brittle
or
plastic
Brittle
238
Asthenosphere is
brittle
or
plastic
Plastic
239
Positive pole is the ______ pole
North
240
Negative pole is the ______ pole
South
241
Magnetic field sometimes reverses:
Polarity
242
Earth is cooled by conduction
- Heat flows away from the source
ex: bonfire- heat flows outwards
243
Temperature increases with
Depth
244
The transfer of heat involving the movement of materials is known as
Thermal convection
245
Temperature of the inner core is about
9800 degrees F
246
Example of convection is a Lava lamp
The lightbulb causes the blob to heat up, blob rises to the top, cools, and floats back down, to heat back up and float to the top, to cool and come back down again
247
We know Earths structure due to
Seismic waves- reflecting and refracting on various layers of earth
248
shear waves cant pass through
Liquids
solids
gasses
Liquids
249
