Lec Exam 3 Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
- Water quality has improved greatly over last 20-30 years due to environmental legislation. Which piece of legislation governs hazardous waste disposal?
a) Safe Drinking Water Act
b) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
c) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)
d) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
A
B) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
2
Q
Federal Standards for water quality apply to __________
a) All water intended for human consumption
b) All water that comes from a household tap
c) All water that is delivered to customers through a public water supply system
d) All bottled water sold for human consumption
e) All of the above
A
C) All water that is delivered to customers through a public water supply system
3
Q
Water has been called the universal solvent. Which of the following statements about water is false?
a) water is not good at dissolving substances that form ions
b) water is an effective solvent because it is a polar molecule
c) water can dissolve a greater range of substances, in greater quantities than most other liquids
d) the water molecule, H2O, is held together by covalent bonds
A
A) water is not good at dissolving substances that form ions
4
Q
- High concentrations of what two nutrients cause the process of eutrophication?
a) nitrogen and carbon
b) nitrogen and phosphorous
c) oxygen and carbon dioxide
d) oxygen and phosphorous
A
B) nitrogen and phosphorous
5
Q
- The greatest water pollutant by volume is
a) nutrients
b) organic matter
c) disease-causing organisms
d) sediment
e) toxic substances
A
D) sediment
6
Q
- The average American uses how many pounds of minerals, metals, and fuel over the course of a lifetime?
a) ~3 billion
b) ~3 million
c) ~300,000
d) ~37,000
A
B) ~ 3 million
7
Q
. What is the difference between mineral resources and mineral reserves?
a) there is no difference, resources and reserves are the same thing
b) mineral resources are concentrated in a form that can be extracted at a profit while reserves are scattered
c) reserves are the portion of a resource that is identified and is available to be legally mined for a profit at the current time
d) resources are minerals or rocks that we are currently using while reserves are minerals or rocks that we are saving to be mined in the future
A
c) reserves are the portion of a resource that is identified and is available to be legally mined for a profit at the current time
8
Q
- Most of our metallic mineral resources are associated with
a) metamorphic rocks
b) igneous rocks
c) weathered material
d) sedimentary rocks
A
B) Igneous rocks
9
Q
Hydrothermal mineral deposits would be least expected to form in what type of plate tectonic setting?
a) transform boundary
b) oceanic divergent boundary
c) oceanic subduction zone
d) continental subduction zone
A
A) Transform boundary
10
Q
If surface mines tend to cause greater environmental impacts, why are they used?
a) Surface mines require the excavation of less rock.
b) Cyanide is not required to process ore from a surface mine.
c) Surface mines are more economical.
d) Subsurface mines are not as hazardous to miners.
A
C) surface mines are more economical
11
Q
Smelter emissions often cause what type of adverse environmental degradation?
a) acid mine drainage
b) asbestos deposition
c) global warming
d) acid rain
A
d) Acid rain
12
Q
Which of the following statements is true concerning the availability of mineral resources?
a) limited availability is due to exhaustion of the mineral supply
b) limited availability is due to the cost of maintaining an adequate mineral supply
c) recycling is not important when considering long-term responses to availability of mineral resources
d) there is no availability problem, minerals are a renewable resource
A
B) limited availability is due to the cost of maintaining an adequate mineral supply
13
Q
Plants transform solar energy to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. This chemical energy can then be released through oxidation processes. Which of the following is not an oxidation process?
a) respiration
b) lithification
c) combustion
d) decomposition
A
B) lithification
14
Q
When fossil fuels are burned, _________ energy is transformed into __________ energy.
a) chemical ….. thermal
b) thermal ….. chemical
c) kinetic ….. potential
d) potential ….. kinetic
A
A) chemical into thermal
15
Q
The most used forms of energy are:
a) solar and hydroelectric
b) nuclear fission and oil
c) oil, natural gas, and coal
d) natural gas and solar
A
C) oil, natural gas, and coal
16
Q
Which energy resource is renewable?
a) coal
b) uranium-235
c) solar
d) natural gas
A
C) solar
17
Q
The ultimate source of the energy in fossil fuels is
a) the sun
b) the Earth’s internal heat
c) the energy of the plants and animals from which the fuel is formed
d) biomass
A
A) the sun
18
Q
How did most of our coal resources form?
a) when land plants living in swamps during the Carboniferous time period were deeply buried
b) when marine fossils (primarily phytoplankton) were deeply buried in ocean basins
c) when the glaciers buried spruce forests as they advanced
A
A) when land plants living in swaps during the Carboniferous time period were deeply buried
19
Q
Coal grade is based upon
a) the geographic location where it is mined
b) the carbon percentage and heat value
c) the sulfur content
d) the depth at which it is mined
A
B) the carbon percentage and heat value
20
Q
The ratio of useful work or energy output to energy input is __________ .
a) power
b) electricity
c) energy
d) efficiency
A
D) Efficiency
21
Q
Which of the following best describes the global distribution of hydrocarbons (crude oil and natural gas)?
a) they are distributed almost equally between the seven continents
b) 85% of all hydrocarbon reserves are located in the US
c) they are found almost exclusively in Precambrian rocks (i.e. greater than ~540 million years old)
d) over half of the world’s oil is found in the Middle East while the largest reserve of natural gas is found in the former Soviet Union
A
D) over half of the worlds oil is found in the middle east while the largest reserve of natural gas is found in Russia
22
Q
. The ultimate source of geothermal energy is
a) the sun
b) heat generated in the Earth’s interior
c) deeply buried biomass
d) hydroelectric
A
b) heat generated in the Earth’s interior
23
Q
High-level nuclear waste that is now in temporary storage at 131 locations in the U.S. has been produced by
a) medical tests and military weapons testing
b) fusion power plants
c) fission power plants
d) all of the above
A
c) fission power plants
24
Q
Which of the following best describes how glacial ice forms?
a) rain falls and then freezes into a layer of ice
b) snow falls, is melted by the sun and then freezes into ice
c) snow falls and recrystallizes into ice due to compaction
A
c)snow falls and recrystallizes into ice due to compaction
25
Crevasses in a glacier occur only in the
a) accumulation area
b) ablation area
c) plastic zone
d) brittle zone
d) brittle zone
26
The accumulation area on a glacier is the area in which
a) accumulation exceeds ablation
b) ablation exceeds accumulation
c) all accumulation occurs
d) no ablation occurs
a) accumulation exceeds ablation
27
In a retreating glacier
a) ice flows away from the terminus (ice margin)
b) accumulation exceeds ablation
c) ablation exceeds accumulation
d) accumulation equals ablation
c) ablation exceeds accumulation
28
Which process forms glacial striations, such as those shown in the photo?
a) plucking
b) abrasion
c) ablation
d) accumulation
b) abrasion
29
The streamlined glacial landform in the photo is composed of till. What is this landform called?
a) esker
b) drumlin
c) kame
d) outwash plain
b) drumlin. Drumlins are formed by glacial till!
30
Which of the following glacial deposits consists of poorly sorted, angular fragments?
a) till
b) outwash
c) striation
d) esker
a) till
31
What type of pollution comes from human activities and society's consumption of natural resources
Anthropogenic Pollution
32
National Environmental Policy act (NEPA)
```
Regulates discharge of waste into environment
Created council on Environmental quality
Led to EPA by Nixon, 1970
Clean Air Act 1970
Clean Water Act 1972
```
33
CERCLA= Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Began in 1980
34
CERCLA started what fund?
Superfund; a trust fund whose primary source of revenue was a tax on petroleum and chemical industries
35
RCRA= Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1976; Gave EPA authority to regulate hazardous waste throughout their life cycle. "Cradle to the grave"
36
how many mg/L of dissolved salt is safe for humans to drink
500 mg/L
37
Describes those situations where a substance has been introduced into the air or water and has reached concentrations that are harmful to living organisms.
Polluted
38
Concentration of a substance is above natural levels but not harmful
Contaminated
39
Anaerobic bacteria
don't require oxygen
40
Aerobic bacteria
consumes free oxygen
41
undesirable situation where aerobic bacteria remove enough of the dissolved oxygen from a body of water that fish and other aquatic life begin to die
Oxygen depletion
42
Amount of oxygen microorganisms would need to break down whatever organic matter is present within the water
BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand
43
agricultural fertilizers are used and then rain washes nitrogen and phosphorous off the land and into streams and lakes
Excess Nutrient Loading
44
What was Yucca Mountain considered for?
Nuclear waste disposal
45
Pollution due to human activity
Anthropogenic air pollution
46
Rain with high levels of sulfuric and nitric acid
Acid Rain
47
Any rock, mineral, or element that has some physical or chemical property humans find useful
Mineral Resource
48
describes the degree to which a mineral resources is concentrated above its average concentration in the crust
Enrichment factor
49
body of rock or sediment whose concentration of some mineral is sufficiently high that the deposit is economically feasible to extract
Ore Deposit
50
Deposit that's economical to extract under current conditions
Mineral Reserve
51
Layered ore deposits
Layered intrusions
52
Minerals that crystallize from these highly enriched fluids
Hydrothermal deposits
53
low-grade hydrothermal deposits where the ore minerals are widely dispersed in a zone surrounding an igneous intrusion and within intrusion itself
Disseminated deposits
54
Dissolved metals react with cold ocean water to form sulfide minerals, producing a thick mineral deposit
Massive Sulfide Deposit
55
When dense and chemically resistant minerals to be sorted hydraulically from the rest of the mineral load form a concentrated mineral deposit
Placer Deposit
56
Sedimentary deposit of highly enriched aluminum minerals that form from the chemical weathering of silicate rocks over a long period of time in climactic zones with considerable rainfall
Bauxite
57
Mineral or salt grains fall to the bottom of the lake or seabed and form layers of chemical sedimentary rock
Evaporites
58
Large volumes of noneconomical rock and processed ore
Mine tailings
59
Removal of undesirable rock or sediment
Overburden
60
Excavates large volumes of low-grade ore from a disseminated deposit
Open-pit mine
61
Excavation follows a mineral deposit that lies parallel to the surface (mountain top removal)
Strip mine
62
long term exposure to silica dust; can be fatal
Silicosis
63
Chemically breaking down minerals
Smelting
64
Chemical process where a solution is allowed to permeate through crushed ore and the resulting chemical reactions liberate the desired element
Leaching
65
Minerals considered critical by a given country but that must be imported in significant quantities
Strategic Minerals
66
Governs the mining of precious metals on 270 million acres of public land
General Mining Act
67
void spaces in subsurface; gradually lowering the land
Subsidence
68
Coal, oil, and natural gas; derived from remains of ancient plants and animals
Fossil Fuels
69
Anything other an coal, natural gas, and low viscosity crude oil; like water, wind, solar, biofuels, and synthetic oils
Alternative Energy
70
Capacity to perform work or transfer heat, whereas work involves moving an object (mass) a certain distance against some force (i.e. Work= mass x distance)
Energy
71
Electron movement through a conductor like copper wire or circuit boards
Electrical energy
72
Energy stored in chemical bonds between different atoms making up a compound
Chemical enerdy
73
Energy heat release=
Exothermic
74
Energy heat required =
Endothermic
75
heat energy produced by vibrations of individual atoms or molecules
Thermal Energy
76
Results from velocity of an object in motion (1/2mv2)
Kinetic energy
77
Energy stored in an object that is not in motion but IS capable of moving
Potential Energy
78
Binds or holds nucleus of atoms together
Nuclear energy
79
Fission is
Splitting
80
Fusion is
Combining
81
Electromagnetic energy that travels in the form of waves (solar)
Radiant Energy
82
Energy cant be created or destroyed is the:
1st law of Thermodynamics
83
Useful measure of how much of original energy actually goes towards its intended use
Energy efficiency
84
plant cell tissue growth
biomass
85
unprocessed, unrefined oil
crude oil
86
3 to 10 feet of organic mater is needed to produced a foot of _____?
Coal
87
Crude oil and natural gas:
Petroleum
| -oil and natural gas often referred to as hydrocarbons
88
Mix of lighter hydrocarbon molecules; lightest is methane
Natural Gas
89
Depth range where subsurface temps are high enough to transform organic compounds into oil and natural gas
Oil window
90
Depth range where subsurface temps are high enough to transform organic compounds into natural gas
gas window
91
Any configuration of subsurface rocks that allows hydrocarbons to accumulate
Petroleum Trap
92
Permeable subsurface rock where oil and gas are being stored
Petroleum Reservoir
93
Rock later with low permeability that overlies the trap
Cap Rock
94
Oil tends to accumulate in
Dome traps
95
Uses an explosive device or special vibrating truck as an energy source for generating seismic waves
Seismic Exploration
96
Series of instruments record the waves that return to the surface
Geophones
97
What is the only way to be sure of oil?
Drilling an exploration well
98
expensive wells; amount of petroleum must pay off to make such a well
Production Wells
99
When water, chemicals, and sand are forced into rocks under high pressure
Hydraulic Fracturing
100
Heavy crudes are
heavier and more viscous than lighter crudes
101
breaks long, heavy, hydrocarbon chains into shorter and lighter molecules
Cracking
102
4 major sections of use are:
Industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation
103
M. King Hubbert theory; statistical analysis based on historical exploration and production data which predicts oil production will reach a peak, then follow a permanent production decrease
Peak Oil Theory
104
Projected peak in world oil production as predicted by peak oil theory.
Hubberts Peak
105
US and China rely on fossil fuels for ____% of their energy needs?
90%
106
US and China consume ____% of worlds total supply of fossil fuels
40%
107
Alternative energy makes up ___% of the worlds total energy supply
14%
108
references to the inevitable conversion of our fossil fuels, based on society to one that is sustainable and that has energy supply dominated by renewable and carbon-free fuels
Green Economy
109
Fossil fuels that aren't coal, natural gas, or light crude oils
Nonconventional fossil fuels
110
Gas/liquid fuels from coal or heavy oil
synthetic fuels
111
Pumping CO2 into suitable rock layers for long term storage
Carbon sequestration
112
Lighter molecules and fewer sulfur atoms "sweet"
Light crude oil
113
heavier molecules and more sulfur "sour"
Heavy crude oil
114
tar sands; filled with bitumen
Oil sands
115
Source rock in which organic matter hasn't been transformed into petroleum
Oil shale
116
Rock is mined, crushed; cooks organic material; get synthetic oil from oil shale
Retorting
117
Oil shales don't contain oil
Shale oil rocks DO contain oil
118
hydroelectric power
using falling water to create energy
119
nuclear fission is
splitting the nucleus of an atom; releasing neutrons and the conversion of mass into energy
120
Nuclear FUSION is
takes place in the sun in which the nuclei of hydrogen atoms combine or FUSE, releasing large amounts of energy
121
takes place when solar radiation strikes a solid object and is transformed into thermal or heat energy
Solar heating
122
thin slab of material composed of silicon alloys which produces electricity when sunlight is allowed to strike the slab
photovoltaic cell
123
multiple wind turbines form a
wind farm
124
mechanical system that supplies a building with either warm or cool air by making use of the relative difference in temps between the inside air and the ground
geothermal heat pump
125
technique for producing electricity that makes use of the thermal energy stored within the oceans to power a simple heat engine, which then drives a turbine and electrical generator
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
126
Reducing energy consumption through decreased human activity and more efficient use of what we consume
Energy conservation
127
takes the chemical energy contained in hydrogen and oxygen atoms and converts it directly into electricity
hydrogen fuel cell
128
Rise in global temps is known as
Global Warming
-sea level rise
climate zone shift
129
state of Earths atmosphere at any given time or place
Weather
130
Represents the long term average weather and its statistical variation for a given region
Climate
131
Primary driving force behind earths climate system
Solar radiation
132
Where temps allow liquid water to exist
habitable zone
133
relatively cool, dark areas on suns surface
sunspots
134
Amount of heat energy planet radiates into space is in equilibrium with energy received from the sun
Heat Balance
135
Process that disrupts the heat balance of Earth
Climate forcing/Climate driver
136
Atmospheres ability to trap heat and warm the planet
Greenhouse Effect
137
Refers to the contribution of greenhouse gases from humans
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases
138
What absorbs and transfers 20x more energy into the atmosphere than Carbon Dioxide
Methane
139
Cyclical changes in solar heating
Milankovich Cycles
140
3 parameters of M Cycles
1: eccentricity; elliptical orbit slowly becomes more circular over a 95,000 year period
2: Axial tilt; inclination of Earth's axis (varies between 22.1-24.5 over 40,000 years) w/ angle increase, Northern hemi tilts away from sun, cooler winter and warmer summer
3: Precession; wobble of axis; important b/c it slowly changes timing of seasons
141
Processes within the Earth System that respond to a disruption in the heat balance and then act to increase or decrease energy imbalance
Climate Feedbacks
142
process that increases or amplifies the systems response to a change in the heat balance
Positive climate feedback
143
reduces or dampens the response to a change in the heat balance
Negative climate feedback
144
Describes fraction of solar radiation that's reflected off a body
Albedo
145
Carbon atoms move in a cyclical manner through Earths interior and surface environment
Carbon Cycle
146
Removing Carbon from surface environment and placing in storage
Carbon Sequestration
147
Most dangerous natural air pollutant
Radon Gas
148
1/2 life of Radon-222
3.8 days
149
Collection of large-scale density and wind driven currents that move in a convective manner through ocean basins
Thermoline circulation
150
occurs when trade winds slacken, allowing warm water to move eastward
El Nino
151
Allows cold water from higher latitudes to move further down than usual into the equatorial pacific
La Nina
152
Simulates Earth's global climate system in years to decades
General Circulation Models
153
Examines our planets history of climate change
Paleoclimatology
154
Tree ring growth is known as
Dendrochronology
155
By 2100 ave temps to increase....
3.6-7.2 degrees
156
Rapid cooling of Greenland and Europe would be caused by
Interruption in the Gulf Stream
157
Some component of climate system is pushed beyond a critical point, causing entire system to change rapidly
Climate Threshold
158
In 250 years, humans have taken _____ billion tons of carbon a transferred it to the atmosphere
410
159
Mountain glaciers are expected to be gone by this year:
2050
160
Antarctica and Greenland are steadily losing or steadily gaining ice?
Losing ice
161
Acidity of oceans increase over time due to higher CO2 levels in atmosphere
Ocean acidification
162
Kyoto protocol in 1997
Copenhagen Accord
Paris Climate Agreement
Serious efforts by global leaders to take on climate change
163
Microorganisms
Disinfection by-products
Inorganic chemicals
Organic chemicals
Categories for Levels detrimental to human health; how they break it down for what is ok in water and what is not
164
Point source
Discharge pipes and smokestacks; these discharges are regulated under the clean water and clean air acts
165
Non-point source:
Pollution that comes from a broad area; harder to deal with and clean up.
- Rural: sediment, pesticides, fertilizer
- Urban: storm sewers carrying road runoff, lawn runoff
166
Our greatest pollutant by volume is:
Sediment
167
Sediment is carried as what kind of load in a stream?
Suspended
168
How do we measure sediment pollution?
By turbidity
169
True or false: Phosphorus does NOT go into the groundwater system
TRUE: it clings to soil and is mobilized by overland runoff
170
True or false: Nitrogen dissolves easily and can be part of the dissolved load in streams
TRUE; it can also leach to groundwater
171
Elevated nutrient concentrations cause cultural eutrophication which make:
Algae blooms; these lower the dissolved oxygen levels
172
What happens when mine waste contains sulfide minerals?
We get acid mine drainage
173
How many lakes in WI have mercury advisories for fish?
All of them
174
PCB's are:
oily and don't dissolve in water; bottom feeder fish are exposed and it goes up the food chain
175
What is impaired water?
Water that is not meeting Clean Water Act requirements
176
What is the most common groundwater pollutant?
Nitrate
177
The biggest source of groundwater pollution:
Agricultural chemicals
178
Lifetime Mineral and fuel use per person is:
~3 million pounds
179
If it can't be grown, it must be:
Mined
- Metals: aluminum, iron, zinc, copper, lead gold
- building materials: sand, gravel, crushed stone
- Petroleum is used to make plastics and synthetic fabric
- Minerals for Agriculture: Phosphate
180
Enrichment factor:
concentration in the ore
-------------------------------------
Concentration in earths crust
Measure of the degree of concentration necessary for profitable mining
181
Mineral resource: elements, compounds, minerals, or rocks that are concentrated in a form that can be extracted to obtain a usable economic commodity (feasible and profitable) either now or in the future
Mineral POTENTIAL
182
Reserves are: portions of a resource that is identified and currently available to be extracted at a profit.
What you have right now
183
To form igneous rocks/minerals you need ___ temps and ___pressure
High temps and High Pressure
184
Crystal setting: Dense early-formed minerals settle to bottom of magma chamber and concentrate there
Layering Intrusion
185
Form in late stage of magma chamber
Pegmatites
186
Many ores form by precipitating from hot, metal-rich solutions
- Ores are commonly sulfide minerals
- occur as both vein deposits and disseminated deposits
Hydrothermal deposits
187
Hydrothermal deposits are associated with what plate boundaries?
Divergent and convergent
188
In convergent metals are leached from the
subducting plates
189
When warm water rises and reaches the cold ocean floor, the minerals are precipitated and these are called:
Massive sulfide deposits
190
Most important source of iron:
Banded iron formations
191
Halite, gypsum, potassium and chloride are examples of:
Evaporites
192
3 main types of mines are:
strip mine
open pit mine
mountain top removal
193
RCRA does not cover
Mine waste
194
Surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977 only applies to
open pit mines; not subsurface mines
| -coal mines =big concern
195
Minerals a country considers critical to have:
Strategic minerals
196
Minerals are renewable or nonrenewable?
NON renewable
197
When does availability become a problem?
When the cost of obtaining a resource becomes too high (ex: gold)
198
4 main types of personal energy use
Food, electricity, heating and transportation, and consumer goods
199
3 sources of energy responsible for fueling all processes on earth
Radiant energy: solar
Geothermal energy: earths interior
Gravitational potential energy
200
Radiant, Electrical, Chemical, Thermal, Kinetic, Potential, and Nuclear are all ways _____ can take form
Energy
201
Type or grade of carbon is based on what?
Percentage of carbon and how much heat it can produce
202
The best kind of coal is:
High-carbon, low-sulfur
203
Peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite are kinds of
Coal
204
Acid rain, greenhouse gases, mercury pollution, and ash are Impacts from what?
Burning coal
205
What is found in the pore spaces of sediments and sedimentary rocks?
Petroleum
206
140 degrees to 250 degrees is the _____window
Oil window
207
250 degrees to 400 degrees is the _____ window
Gas window
208
Technique used to extract petroleum (both crude and natural gas) from low-permeability rocks
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
209
In tar sands, 2 tons of sediment equals
1 barrel of oil
210
Frozen methane goes unstable when
pressure is lowered; can be explosive
211
Where are gas hydrates located?
Polar waters and deep continental shelves of ocean floor
212
This consists of combustible material derived from modern organic matter
Biofuels
213
Biodiesel is made from_____ and ethanol is made from _____
Vegetable oil; fermented corn
214
Hydropower provides ___% of US electricity
6%
215
what converts solar radiation to electric currents?
Photovoltaic cells
216
for wind turbine to work, what speed does the wind need to consistently be?
12MPH or 20 km/hr
217
Iceland uses this kind of energy throughout their country
Geothermal; on a divergent boundary...right by mid-Atlantic ridge
218
True of False: Nuclear Fusion is renewable
FALSE
219
Power generation from nuclear fission is a controlled chain reaction; an uncontrolled chain reaction is a
nuclear bomb
220
What are the three types of uranium
U-234
U-235; limited supply nonrenewable; used in power plants
U-238
221
How many has how many nuclear power plants?
2
222
Industrial, Transportation, Residential use, and Commercial are:
4 main types of energy we use
223
About ___% of US energy comes from fossil fuels
80%
224
Most oil is in
Middle East (50%)
225
Most natural gas is in
Former Soviet Union and Middle East (75%)
226
A mass of ice that moves over land under its own weight, through the action of gravity
Glacier
227
How do glaciers form
Snow accumulates and over time is converted to granular ice (firn)
228
glaciers form if more snow ___ than ___ each year
Accumulates; melts
229
term used where glacial ice loss is more prevalent
Ablation
230
Mountain glaciers are also known as
Alpine or Valley glaciers
231
When ice gets thick enough it begins to flow downslope due to gravity
Alpine glacier
232
Flatter in areas it flows outwards from the thickest area
Continental glacier
233
the _____ moves faster than the _____
Top moves faster than the base (friction)
234
Which moves faster: Middle or edges?
Middle (due to friction)
235
Flow is fastest in the _______ of the glacier
center
236
Flow is slower along the ____ and the ____
Edges and base
237
Glaciers move by what type of flow
Plastic flow
238
what can occur when water is under the base of a glacier
basal sliding
239
Crevasses are in what type of ice? Brittle or Plastic?
Brittle
240
Process by which glaciers gain ice
accumulation
241
process by which glaciers lose ice
ablation
242
location where accumulation and ablation are in balance
equilibrium line
243
net accumulation is greater than ablation
advance
244
net accumulation is less than ablation
retreat
245
grinding of ice and debris is called
abrasion
246
incorporation of debris by freezing onto base of glacier
plucking
247
conical mound of sand and gravel from glacier is called a
kame
248
vertical shafts in glaciers are called
moulins
249
long linear ridges of sand and gravel deposited by sub-glacial meltwater streams
Esker
250
Amount of aerosols, dust or particulate matter, and clouds affect
Reflection
251
solar energy reflected back to space
Reflection
252
insolation is
incoming heat (gains)
253
reflection and reradiation are
outgoing heat (losses)
254
Nitrous oxide and ozone, water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide are all
Greenhouse gases
255
driving force of climate:
Solar energy
256
equatorial regions have net heat ___
gains
257
Polar regions have net heat ___
losses
258
heat gets transferred from equator to poles by
atmospheric convection
259
convection of the atmosphere is affected by
Earth's rotation
260
Transfers warms water from equator to poles and returns cold water
Surface currents
261
eccentricity (shape), and obliquity (tilt), Precession of equinoxes (wobble) are:
causes of climate change
262
Predicts atmospheric and climatic changes on a global scale
General Circulation Model
