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Immunology > Exam 1 Review sheet > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

The awareness that exposure to an infectious agent results in protection upon re-exposure

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2
Q

Haptens

A

nonimmunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

The anatomical, cellular, and humoral defenses that function in the early stages of host defense to a foreign substance
ability of the host to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

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4
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Remembers prior exposure
Increases response to a pathogen upon repeated exposure
Takes longer to become activated but is longer lasting
Involves T and B lymphocytes
specific to each pathogen or microbial agent

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5
Q

characteristics of cytokines

A

small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system’s innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection

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6
Q

Cytokines involved in the innate immune response

A

responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to inflammation
but occurs within hours of first contact with microorganisms

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7
Q

Chemokines

A

Enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells toward the source of the chemokine
play key roles in the initiation and development of inflammatory responses

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8
Q

IgG

A

predominant immunoglobulin (75–80 percent of the total serum immunoglobulins)
providing immunity for the newborn, because IgG can cross the placenta
fixing complement
coating antigen for enhanced phagocytosis
neutralizing toxins and viruses
participating in agglutination and precipitation reactions

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9
Q

IgG can cross the placenta?

A

All subclasses of IgG appear to be able to cross the placenta, although IgG2 is the least efficient

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10
Q

IgM

A

macroglobulin
accounts for 5–10 percent of all serum immunoglobulin
pentamer (Looks like a snowflake) held together by a J, or joining, chain
cannot cross the placenta

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11
Q

What is IgM known as?

A

primary response antibody
first to appear after antigenic stimulation and the first to appear in the maturing infant

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12
Q

IgM functions

A

(1) complement fixation
(2) agglutination
(3) opsonization
(4) toxin neutralization

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13
Q

IgA

A

10–15 percent of all circulating immunoglobulin
appears as a monomer

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14
Q

IgA: Subgroups

A

IgA2 is the predominant form in secretions at mucosal surfaces, while IgA1is mainly found in serum

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15
Q

main function of secretory IgA

A

patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense

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16
Q

IgD

A

extremely scarce in the serum
more susceptible to proteolysis than other immunoglobulins
short half-life of 2 to 3 days
found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes

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17
Q

IgE

A

least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum
plasma cells that produce IgE are located primarily in the lungs and skin
does not participate in typical immunoglobulin reactions

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18
Q

Complement pathways

A

classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin pathway

19
Q

Classical Pathway

A

involves nine proteins that are triggered by antigen–antibody combination
IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 are capable of activation

20
Q

What activates classical pathway?

A

a few substances that can bind complement directly to initiate the classical cascade.
C-reactive protein, several viruses, mycoplasmas, some protozoa, and certain gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli

21
Q

Alternative Pathway

A

antibody-independent means of activation of complement

22
Q

Lectin Pathway

A

another antibody independent means of activating complement proteins

23
Q

C1qrs

A

the recognition unit that binds to the FC portion of two antibody molecules
Part of the recognition unit

24
Q

C3

A

C4b2a, The combination of C4b and C2a
serves as the pivotal point for all three pathways

25
Q

C4

A

facilitate phagocytosis and clearance of foreign substances
part of the Activation unit

26
Q

C4b2a

A

indicate that the complex is an active enzyme

27
Q

C4b2a3b

A

C4b2a3b
cleaves C5

28
Q

Where does antibody production occur?

A

during B cell development in the bone marrow

29
Q

What is an epitope?

A

molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T lymphocytes
a small part of the immunogen is actually recognized in the immune response
AKA determinant site

30
Q

What is CD8 marker?

A

Tc cells that destroy cells by producing perforins and granzymes
kill target cells

31
Q

What is CD4 marker?

A

helper/inducer cells
assist in antibody production

32
Q

Autocrine example

A

affecting the same cell that secreted it

33
Q

Paracrine example

A

affecting a target cell in close proximity

34
Q

What is a Hybridoma?

A

The PEG brings about fusion of plasma cells with myeloma cells

35
Q

MHC Class I

A

mainly present peptides that have been synthesized within the cell to CD8

36
Q

MHC Class II

A

present antigen to CD4 (helper) T cells

37
Q

Inflammation signs and symptoms

A

Redness (erythema)- Increased blood flow
Swelling (edema) -Increased capillary permeability
Heat
Pain

38
Q

Acute Phase Reactants

A

Soluble factors found in serum
Increase rapidly in response to infection, injury, or tissue trauma
Facilitate contact between microbes and phagocytic cells
Mop up and recycle important proteins after phagocytosis

39
Q

B cells

A

produce antibody
differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells and are responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation

40
Q

CH50

A

most commonly used to measure lysis

41
Q

AH50

A

test’s buffer system chelates calcium, thus blocking classical pathway activation

42
Q

Adjuvants

A

substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response
acts by producing a local inflammatory response that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

43
Q

TLR

A

glycoproteins that bind to particular substances
activating cytokine and chemokine production and other processes to enhance phagocytosis
Can destroy most pathogens that humans are exposed to before disease sets in

44
Q

PRR

A

molecules on host cells that recognize substances found only on pathogens
Once receptors bind a pathogen, phagocytosis can take place

Immunology (18 decks)

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