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Immunology > Review sheet > Flashcards

Review sheet Flashcards

1
Q

On a serial dilution with the following tubes set up, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:132, 1:264….
What would the titer be if no visible agglutination in the tube 1:132

A

1:16

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2
Q

If 0.1 ml of serum is diluted with 0.9 ml of diluent, what dilution of serum does this
represent?

A

1:10

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3
Q

How would you explain universal precautions

A

Universal precautions are a standard set of guidelines to prevent the transmission of bloodborne
pathogens from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials

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4
Q

If 1 mL of saline is added to 10 mL of serum, what does the 10 mL represent? The dilution of the
final dilution, the diluent, the solute, the total solution, or the inverse proportion

A

The solute (item being diluted)

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5
Q

Which series of dilutions would be best in order to make a 1:4000 dilution?

A

1:2, 1:2, 1:1000

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6
Q

How would you define the term affinity

A

Affinity is the strength required for an interaction between a site of antigen binding at an antibody
and an antigen epitope

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7
Q

What is the prozone

A

Antibody excess

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8
Q

How would you define a precipitation reaction

A

The interaction between the soluble antigen and antibody results in the formation of insoluble lattice
that forms precipitate out of the solution

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9
Q

An Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assay is set up and a line of precipitation is seen forming between
the antigen and antibody wells. The lines of precipitation formed by two adjacent antigen wells cross
each other, forming an X. The reaction described is called

A

Non Identity

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10
Q

How would you define an antibody titer

A

Antibody titer is a laboratory test that measures the level of antibodies in a blood sample. The
antibody level in the blood is a reflection of the body’s past experience or exposure to an antigen, or
something that the body does not recognize as self.
Series of dilutions.

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11
Q

What is the zone of equivalence

A

When the antibody and antigen are in equal parts and optimal for binding

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12
Q

What does the diameter of the precipitation ring correlate to in radial immunodiffusion

A

The larger the
diameter, the more reactivity

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13
Q

What is meant by the term avidity

A

Affinity- but more so, looking at the van der waals interactions and strength of binding

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14
Q

In an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion procedure, a continuous arc of precipitate is observed between
two adjacent wells. What type of reaction is this

A

Identity

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15
Q

What causes agglutination

A

Various methods of agglutination are used in diagnostic immunology and these include latex
agglutination, flocculation tests, direct bacterial agglutination, and hemagglutination. In latex
agglutination, many antibody molecules are bound to latex beads (particles), which increases the
number of antigen-binding sites

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16
Q

If an immunoassay is performed in the following manner to look for an antigen (Ag) in the patient
serum: Patient serum + labeled Ag + known antibody (Ab) are added together and incubated.
Unbound material is washed off. The amount of labeled Ag is then measured. What assay is
performed?

A

Competitive

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17
Q

An immunoassay is performed in the following way: Antigen is bound to a solid support. Patient
serum is added, and patient antibodies bind to the antigen. The well is washed, and enzyme-labeled
anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are added. The well is washed, and enzyme substrate is added.
Enzyme activity is determined. Which immunoassay is described?

A

Heterogenous EIA

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18
Q

How would you describe an Immunoelectrophoresis assay

A

Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a double-diffusion technique
Unknown antigen is electrophoresed, and then antibody is applied directly to the gel
Precipitates form where antigen–antibody combination has taken place in the gel
Technique is used with serum as the antigen to determine over- or underproduction of antibody types

19
Q

What is the principle behind nephelomotry

A

Light scattered across particles- looking for concentration via absorbance

20
Q

When performing a precipitation assay what would the soluble antibody react with

A

Soluble antigen

21
Q

How would you describe a precipitation assay

A

solutions containing antibody and antigen, respectively, that when combined, create lattice structures
that precipitate out of solution and that are visually present

22
Q

A serological test that uses red blood cells coated with exogenous antigens such as bacterial
polysaccharides as a method to detect patient antibodies against that exogenous antigen is called

A

Hemagglutination

23
Q

When a patient’s red blood cells combine with anti-B typing serum to produce a positive result, this
reaction is known as

A

Hemagglutination

24
Q

What is Coombs’ reagent used for

A

The Coombs Reagent (also known as anti-human globulin) is used to distinguish the presence or
absence of immunoglobulin on the surface of red blood cells

25
Q

What would be the best test to determine evidence of hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

DAT

26
Q

What is the characteristic of a noncompetitive enzyme immunoassays

A

Antibody is first passively absorbed to a solid phase
Unknown patient antigen is allowed to react with and be captured by the antibody
After washing to remove unbound antigen, a second antibody with a label is added to the reaction

27
Q

Which antibody class may require the use of an enhancement technique to visualize the reaction?

A

IgG

28
Q

In a precipitation reaction, how can the ideal antibody be characterized?

A

High Affinity and Avidity

29
Q

What is meant by the term postzone

A

Antigen excess

30
Q

In a capture assay to determine the presence of a viral antigen in a patient sample, what would be on
solid phase?

A

Antibody

31
Q

Which assay poses the greatest risk of exposure to biohazards?

A

Use of radioisotopes

32
Q

What is meant by “gating” in flow cytometry?

A

Separating cells into “like” squares

33
Q

An intrinsic factor that can be measured by a flow cytometer

A

Forward-angle light scatter, (FSC) Side scatter (SSC)

34
Q

When measuring by flow cytometry, what cells that are the smallest and have the least granules

A

Lymphocyte

35
Q

How would you describe a test when lack of agglutination indicates the test is positive

A

Inhibition

36
Q

In flow cytometry, if there are two light detectors, what does the amount of side scatter indicate?

A

Cell complexity

37
Q

Identify the difference between batch and random-access analyzers

A

Batching is set 1,2,3,4- one test type. Random access allows for multiple test types and the
prioritization of stat samples to supersede the line

38
Q

A test system is producing many false-positive results. What could cause this to occur

A

Low specificity

39
Q

The lowest measurable amount of an analyte is called

A

LoQ, limit of qualification, limit of detection LoD

40
Q

How would you determine a reference interval

A

Observe the mean, have an expected standard deviation range

41
Q

The ability to consistently reproduce the same result on repeated testing of the same sample is called

A

Precision

42
Q

Which is an advantage of automated testing in a clinical immunology laboratory?

A

Faster turn around time- less exposure to infectious agents

43
Q

In flow cytometry, forward scatter provides a measure of

A

Measure of the relative cell size

44
Q

How would you define the term accuracy

A

How close a measured value is to the true value

Immunology (18 decks)

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