Exam 1 (Revised)

Question 1

fluency disorders include:

Answer 1

• developmental stuttering
• cluttering
• acquired (neurogenic) stuttering
• psychogenic stuttering

Question 2

definition of stuttering

Answer 2

abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the flow of speech

Question 3

core (primary) behaviors

Answer 3

onset is in childhood, involves both stuttering-like and non-stuttering like disfluencies

Question 4

secondary behaviors

Answer 4

learned behaviors that are triggered by the experience of stuttering or the anticipation of it

Question 5

stuttering-like disfluencies include:

Answer 5

• sound syllable repetitions
• whole word repetitions
• audible prolongations
• inaudible prolongations (blocks)

Question 6

non-stuttering like disfluencies include:

Answer 6

• phrase repetitions
• interjections
• revisions

Question 7

sound syllable repetitions example

Answer 7

I w-w-w-want that

Question 8

whole word repetitions example

Answer 8

I want I want that

Question 9

audible prolongations example

Answer 9

I wwwwwwant that

Question 10

inaudible prolongations (blocks) example

Answer 10

I (pause with tension) want that

Question 11

phrase repetitions example

Answer 11

I want I want that

Question 12

interjections example

Answer 12

I uh want mm that

Question 13

revisions example

Answer 13

I want, I would like, that

Question 14

children (loci of stuttering)

Answer 14

more likely to stutter on pronouns (I, me) and function words (but, and) as opposed to content words

Question 15

adults (loci of stuttering)

Answer 15

more likely to stutter on:
- initial consonants
- longer words
- words at the beginning of sentences
- content words (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs)
- propositionality

Question 16

cluttering

Answer 16

a fluency disorder characterized by a rate that is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both for the speaker

Question 17

symptoms of cluttering

Answer 17

• excessive disfluencies (typically non-stuttering like)
• reduced intelligibility (leaving out (collapsing) or distorting various sounds or syllables
• abnormal pauses, syllable stress, or speech rhythm
• language problem
• inadequate self-monitoring: lack of awarenesss

Question 18

pure cluttering

Answer 18

without any other co-existing disorder

Question 19

true or false: pure cluttering is common

Answer 19

false

Question 20

what are some common co-exisiting problems associated with cluttering

Answer 20

• stuttering
• artic disorders
• ADHD
• learning disabilities

Question 21

neurogenic stuttering

Answer 21

stuttering that appears to be caused by neurological disease or damage

Question 22

what are some common causes of neurogenic stuttering?

Answer 22

• stroke
• head trauma
• tumor
• neurodegenerative treatment

Question 23

true or false: neurogenic stuttering can present as transient or persistent

Answer 23

true

Question 24

transient

Answer 24

slowly improve over a few weeks or months

Question 25

persistent

Answer 25

continued stuttering that may or may not be responsive to treatment

Question 26

speech characteristics of neurogenic stuttering

Answer 26

- the occurrence of repetitions, prolongations, and blocks (NOT restricted to initial sounds and syllables) - stuttering on both function and content words - secondary symptoms are not associated with moments of disfluency - speaker may be annoyed (but not anxious) regarding speech characteristics - disfluency many not be amenable to the adaptation effect

Question 26

circle all of the following that are notable differences between developmental and neurologic stuttering

Answer 26

- loci of stuttering - secondary behaviors - response to fluency-inducing conditions - emotional response to stuttering

Question 26

adaptation effect

Answer 26

many people who stutter show a substantial decrease in stuttering frequency during repeated readings of the same material

Question 27

psychogenic stuttering

Answer 27

late onset of stuttering (late teens and older) that typically occurs in association with - prolonged periods of stress - a traumatic event - psychoemotional trauma

Question 28

true or false: psychogenic stuttering is NOT an organic etiology

Answer 28

true

Question 29

true or false: psychogenic stuttering, unlike malingering, is not a purposeful or volitional behavior

Answer 29

true

Question 30

speech characteristics of psychogenic stuttering

Answer 30

- secondary patterns may be unusual and occur independent - impression of "holding on to" their stuttering - speaker may appear to have chosen a "brand"/type of stuttering - little to no adaptation effect in some cases - stuttering does not change during fluency enhancing activities (and may increase)

Question 31

what does the phenomena of stuttering include:

Answer 31

- anticipation - consistency - adaptation

Question 32

anticipation

Answer 32

people who stutter can predict which words they will stutter on in a reading passage

Question 33

consistency

Answer 33

people who stutter tend to stutter on the same words each tome they read a passage

Question 34

adaptatino

Answer 34

people who stutter less each time they read a passage up to about six readings

Question 35

types of secondary behaviors

Answer 35

- escape or concommitant behaviors - avoidance behaviors

Question 36

escape or concommitant behaviors

Answer 36

occur when the speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word (e.g. eye blinks and head nods)