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Zoology > Exam 1 Study > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of two species from one
(allopatric vs sympatric)

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1
Q

Basis of natural selection

A

1) Organisms exhibit heritable material
2) Organisms compete for resources
3) Individuals vary with reproductive success
4) Organisms may adapt with environmental changes

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2
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographic difference branches one species into two

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3
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Gene flow either occurs or is disrupted causing two species as a result
(In same area)
[Polyploidy, autopolyploid, or allopolyploid]

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4
Q

Polyploidy

A

> 2 chromosome copies

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5
Q

Autopolyploid

A

Cell division error resulting in tetraploid cell (yields new species)

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6
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Interbreeding species where hybrids are often sterile
(asexual reproduction causes hybrids to spread)

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7
Q

Sexual selection

A

Female select males
Males differ by color (mainly)

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8
Q

Habitat differentiation

A

Creates subpopulations in a species bases on habitat preference
[Ex: Apple maggot flies vs blueberry maggot flies]

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9
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Species within the same area with some barrier between them that prevents mating

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10
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Differences in mating rituals that prevents mating (Females not attracted to other males)

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10
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
seasonality of breeding prevents mating

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11
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Mating occurs, but mismatched copulation prevents fertilization

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12
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier
Physical or biochemical barrier prevents fertilization

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13
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Postzygotic barrier
1st hybrid generation might be sterile, but subsequent generations might not be

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14
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

Reduces hybrid viability and fertility

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

Hybrid zone outcome
Strengthens reproductive barriers with natural selection as the agent of change

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16
Q

Fusion

A

Hybrid zone outcome
Weakens reproductive barriers with the gene pool becoming increasingly alike

[Hybrids may further stress existing species]

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17
Q

Stability

A

Hybrid zone outcome
Continued formation of hybrid individuals regardless of hybrid success

Narrow hybrid zone -> higher mating chances

Wider zone -> less mating chances

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18
Q

Punctuated model

A

For speciation

Short speciation period with prolonged stability and abrupt extinction

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19
Q

Gradual model

A

For speciation

Small incremental changes over time and produces two species

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20
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in phenotype due to chance

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21
Q

Gene flow

A

New alleles enter population -> New phenotypes enter population as result

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22
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Varied expression of phenotype in same population

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23
Nucleotide variability
Molecular variability in DNA Most variations don't affect expressed phenotype
24
Nonheritable variation
Acquired traits cannot be passed to offspring
25
Source of Genetic variation
1) new alleles in population 2) translocation of a gene 3) rapid reproduction (more in plants) 4) Sexual reproduction (crossing over, independent assortment, fertilization)
26
Population
All individuals in one area at one time that might interbreed and produce viable offspring
27
Founder effect
Few individuals leave the population that creates a limited starting gene pool for new population
28
Genetic bottleneck
Something occurs that limits genetic diversity of a population [ex: forest fire leaves few individuals unharmed thus creating small, select gene pool from original population]
29
Consequences of Genetic Drift
1) Significant in small populations 2) Allele frequency may change at random 3) Loss of genetic variation 4) Harmful alleles may become fixed in population
30
Relative fitness
In relation to natural selection Individuals contribution to population relative to all individuals
31
Absolute fitness
In relation to natural selection Individuals contribute to gene pool
32
Directional Selection
Type of Natural Selection Extreme phenotype becomes favored
33
Disruptive Selection
Type of Natural Selection 2+ Extreme phenotypes become favored
34
Stabilizing Selection
Type of Natural Selection Intermediate form selected and is more likely to be carried over
35
Sexual Selection
Adaptive changes to males and females Males - higher ability to compete Females - preferential selection of male
36
Runaway selection
Type of Sexual Selection Extreme is favored, which can become bad
37
Differential Sexual Selection
Type of Sexual Selection Less choosy female and more fit males, which stabilizes population
38
Sexual Dimorphisms
Type of Sexual Selection Distinct differences between sexes (Ex: Size and Color) Establishes fitness
39
Intrasexual selection
Type of Sexual Selection Individuals within sex compete (mainly males) Psychological preferred over physical
40
Intersexual selection
Type of Sexual Selection Mate choice is noticeable and is individual with better genes
41
Balancing Selection
Maintenance of undesirable alleles in population Frequency dependent and Heterozygote advantage
42
Evolution and Natural selection
1) Selection acts on existing variation 2) Evolution limited by historical constraints 3) Adaptation are often compromised
43
Phylogenetics
The study of ancestor and descendent relationships
44
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of the relationship of organism or group of organisms
45
Phylogenetic tree
Visual representation of phylogeny
46
Trait descriptors
for phylogenetic tree Ancestral (not primitive) Derived (not advanced) Shared
47
Limitations of Phylogenetic Tree
1) Close proximity doesn't equal look alike 2) Branches are not on time scale 3) Convergent traits across taxa 4) Ancestral groups still thrive 5) Order of traits is informative
48
Systematics
Organize life based on evolutionary relatedness
49
Taxonomy
"to arrange" Unique, universal, and stable
50
Hierarchical Classification System
Domain (Eukarya) Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Carnivora) Family (Felidae) Genus (Felis) Species (catus)
51
Kingdom
One major taxonomic group Protista (Unicellular) Plantae (Photosynthetic) Fungi (Decomposers) Animalia (Consumers)
52
Cladistics
Classifying organism with Homologous traits
53
Clade
group of organisms on different hierarchical level with shared evolution [Monophyletic]
54
Monophyletic
Trait shated by ancestor and descendants
55
Paraphyletic
Includes ancestor and some but not all of the descendants
56
Polyphyletic
Trait shared by two divergent descendant groups but not their common ancestor
57
Plesiomorphies
Shared ancestral trait [Ancestor and Derived] Ex: hair
58
Synapomorphies
Shared derived traits originate in the last common ancestor
59
Parisomy
Simplest explanation is preferred when tracking a trait through phylogenetic tree
60
Evolution of Animal Body Parts
Symmetry (radial/bilateral) Tissues and Body organization Body cavity (coelom) Embryonic development Segmentation (repeated body units) Digestive tract

Zoology (21 decks)

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