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Microbio > Exam 1 Study Deck > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is symbiosis

A

The interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of symbiosis?

A

-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism

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3
Q

What is commensalism

A

When species 1 benefits from species 2. Species 2 is neither benefiting nor being harmed from species 1

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4
Q

What is mutualism

A

When species 1 and species 2 benefit from eachother

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5
Q

What is parasitism

A

When species 1 benefits from species 2. Species 2 is being harmed by species 1.

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6
Q

What is kilo

A

1000 units

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7
Q

What is hecto

A

100 units

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8
Q

What is Deka

A

10 units

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9
Q

What is Deci

A

-0.1 units
-1/10
-1m=10^-1

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10
Q

What is centi

A

-0.01 units
-1/100
-1m=10^-2

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11
Q

What is milli

A

-0.001 units
-1/1000
-1m=10^-3

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12
Q

What is micro

A

-0.000001
-1/1000000
-1m=10^-6

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13
Q

What is nano

A

-0.000000001
-1/1000000000
-1m=10^-9

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14
Q

What are organisms that cause disease in another organism

A

Pathogens

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15
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

An illness caused by germs (bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter the body, multiply, and cause an infection

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16
Q

What is an emergent infectious disease

A

Infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing.

Ex: Covid

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17
Q

What are 3 different types of microbes

A

-Prokaryotic
-Eukaryotic
-Viruses

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18
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic microbes

A

-bacteria
-archea

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19
Q

Give an example of eukaryotic microbes

A

-Fungi
-Algae
-Protists
-Helminths

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20
Q

Why are helminths (parasitic worms) that are relatively large, considered microbes

A

Their eggs and larvae are studied in microbiology

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21
Q

An organism who’s cell lack a nucleus

A

prokaryote

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22
Q

an organism whose cell contains a nucleus

A

eukaryote

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23
Q

What is an archaea

A

-prokaryotic
-different from bacteria in metabolic pathways, molecular structure, and genetics
-widespread and can live in extreme environments
-not pathogenic to humans

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24
Q

What is a protist

A

-diverse, genetically distant group
-vary in size, appearance, and habitat
-includes algae and protozoa

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25
Q

What is algae

A

-mostly aquatic
-photosynthetic organism that possess cellulose in cell walls

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26
Q

What is agar

A

-derived from algae
used in microbio labs to culture microbes

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27
Q

What is protozoa

A

A diverse group that contains individuals with a variety of adaptations:
-flagella
-photosynthesis
-free-living
-parasitism
-etc.

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28
Q

What are fungi

A

-Not photosynthetic
-Cells walls are made of chitin
Ex: yeast and mold

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29
Q

What is yeast

A

Unicellular fungi that resemble coccus bacteria

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30
Q

What is mold

A

Filamentous fungi that decompose organic matter

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31
Q

What is a virus

A

-acellular/not made of cells
-not categorized as living
-genetic instructions (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat
-requires a cell to act as a host for reproduction

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32
Q

Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

-First to observe microorganisms
-designed a simple microscope (single lens) that allowed him to observe and perform experiments on microorganisms

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33
Q

Who was Robert Hooke

A

-First to observe/discover cells using a compound microscope
-Observed cells
-Made drawings of his observations of many organisms

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34
Q

Who was Francesco Redi

A

-Experiment on biogenesis/spontaneous generation
-two jars filled with decaying meat
1.unsealed jar = maggots
2.sealed jar= no maggots

conclusion: maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat and live flies are needed to create new flies

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35
Q

Who was Loius Pasteur

A

He discovered pasturization: the proccess of applying high heat to kill microbes that cause spoilage

36
Q

Who was Joseph Lister

A

-“Father of modern surgery”
-used first antiseptic to sterilize surgical equipment

37
Q

Who was Robert Koch

A

-He demonstrated that a particular germ could cause a specific disease.
-“One microbe, one disease”

38
Q

Who was Carl Linnaeus

A

-Created the binomial nomenclature
-every organism has one scientific name in latin
-first part is the genus, second part is the species

39
Q

What is an independent variable

A

-The part of the experiment that is being manipulated in order to see its effect on the dependent variable
-only 1

40
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

-The part of the experiment that is being measured in order to see what the effect the independent variable has
-can be one or more

41
Q

What is a constant

A

-Parts of the experiment that remain the same between different conditions

42
Q

What is the difference between spontaneous generation and biogenesis

A

Spontaneous generation is when life comes from nonliving things, while biogenesis is when life must come from preexisting life

43
Q

What was Pasteur’s sterility experiment?

A

-Spontaneous generations or biogenesis
-boiled a curved flask
-conclusion: no living organism generated spontaneously from the sterile broth
-living organisms came from outside when exposed to the air
-disproves the spontaneous generation theory

44
Q

What are early ideas of disease transmission

A

Diseases came from bad air

45
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy (7)

A

From broad to specific:
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

46
Q

Who was Carl Woese

A

-Proposed 3 domain system

47
Q

Who was Lynn Margulis

A

-Proposed that eukaryotic organelles were originally prokaryotes
-Proposed the endosymbiotic theory: ancestral eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotic organisms which formed mutualistic, symbiotic relationships with its host

48
Q

What is a phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationships between different taxa

49
Q

What is a branch and a node in a phylogenetic tree and how do you read it?

A

-Branch: a line that represents a taxa
-Node: a point where two or more branches connect, representing the last common ancestral taxa between the connected branched

How to read: The further away the node is from the ends of the branches, the less related the two taxa are

50
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

-prokaryotes have no membrane while eukaryotes have membranes
-Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes have DNA in nucleoid region, eukaryotes have DNA in the nucleus
-prokaryotes have 1 circular chromosome, eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes
-prokaryotes have 70S ribosome, eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes
-prokaryotes divide by binary fission, and eukaryotes divide by mitosis

51
Q

What is classification

A

-The process of placing organisms into related groups with other organisms with the same characteristics
-helps us to understand the relation between the organisms
-understand shared characteristics between organisms

52
Q

What is identification

A

-The process of determining the identity of the species of an unknown organism. Often classification is used to identify a species
-helps in diagnosis and choosing treatments
-helps in protection against or removal of contaminants
-helps in propagation of the beneficial microbes

53
Q

What is a culture

A

-Microbes grown together at a certain time
-could be identical or different from each other

54
Q

What is a clone/colony

A

-A population of cells that are descendants of one parental cell
-They are genetically identical to each other and their parental cell

55
Q

What is a strain

A

-A genetic variant of a particular species
-They are slightly different from the original parental cell

56
Q

What are 4 identification methods

A

-cultural growth
-phenotypic approach
-biochemical approach
-molecular approach

57
Q

What is a fixed slide/fixation

A

Fixation is a treatment of cells with heat/ chemicals that preserve the cellular structure and proteins and provide protection from damage

58
Q

What are the 5 steps of staining

A

1.smear: thin layer of specimen spread on slide
2.Fixation/ create a fixed slide
3.primary stain: colors all cells
4.Decolorization: removal of excess stain or stain that is not trapped by cellular structures
5.Counterstain: creates contrast to the primary stain by coloring parts of the cells that were not stained by the primary stain in a different color

59
Q

What are 6 common morphologies

A

-coccus
-bacillus
-vibrio
-coccobacillus
-spirillum
-spirochete

60
Q

What are 4 common arrangements

A

-staphylo- (clusters)
-strepto- (chain)
-diplo
-tetrad

61
Q

What are the steps to gram staining

A

-create heat fixed smear
-add drops of crystal violet, let sit for 60 sec
-rinse
-add gram’s iodine and let sit for 60 sec
-rinse
-decolorize with 95% ethanol until no more crystal violet comes out
-rinse
-add safranin (counterstain) and let sit for 60 sec
-rinse with water and gently blot
-observe under microscope with oil

62
Q

What color are gram positive cells? What color are gram negative cells

A

gram positive cells are purple
gram negative cells are pink/red

63
Q

What is the purpose of acid fast staining?

A

-differential staining
-used for diagnosis of a number of specific diseases are caused by acid fast bacteria

64
Q

What are the steps of acid fast staining

A

-heat fixed stain
-set up steam bath
-cover smear with cut square and add carbolfuchin (primary stain)
-add slide on top of steam bath and steam for 7 mins. dont let paper dry out
-remove paper with forceps
-decolorize slide with 6 drops of acid alcohol then rinse
-counter stain with methylene blue for 1 min
-observe with oil

65
Q

What is color is acid-fast positive and acid-fast negative

A

acid-fast positive is pink
acid-fast negative is dark blue/purple

66
Q

What is the purpose of a capsule stain

A

To reveal the presence of the bacterial capsule

67
Q

What are the steps to a capsule stain

A

-obtain labeled slide
-add small drop of congo red
-aseptically transfer bacteria onto drop of congo red
-use clean slide to smear mixture as thinly as possible
-air dry slide
-add ferric chloride to cover smear and remove excess
-cover smear with 0.5% acid fuchsin solution and incubate for 1 min
-drain slide without water or blotting
-air dry slide
-observe with oil

68
Q

What does the results of a capsule stain show/mean

A

if capsules are present, the capsule will not be stained, only the background. the background will be a dark purple.

69
Q

What is the purpose of endospore staining

A

To recognize the presence of spores in bacterial vegetative cells

70
Q

What are the steps to endospore staining

A

-prepare heat fixed slide
-set up steam bath
-add paper towel to slide and add malachite green
-steam slide for 5 mins
-rinse with water
-counterstain with safranin for 1 min
-rinse and blot with water for 1 min
-observe with oil

71
Q

What does the results of endospore stains mean

A

endospores will appear blue/green
other structures will appear pink/red

72
Q

What are some requirements for growth

A

-temp
-pH
-osmotic pressure
-nutrients
-vitamins
-oxygen

73
Q

What is isotinic

A

-environment that has the same concentration of the solute as the inside of the cell
-no net movement

74
Q

What is hypertonic

A

-solution that has a higher concentration of the solute than inside the cell
-water moves out of the cell

75
Q

What is hypotonic

A

-environment that has less solute concentration than the concentration inside the cell
-water moves into the cell

76
Q

What is complex media (undefined)

A

-contains extracts of yeasts, meat, or plants

77
Q

What is synthetic (defined) media

A

-contains known composition and quantity of nutrients

78
Q

What is enrichment media

A

-contains additives than enhance the growth of certain organisms

79
Q

What is selective media

A

-media tha inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms and support the growth of the organism or interest

80
Q

what is differential media

A

media that is used to distinguish colonies of different bacteria

81
Q

What is doubling time

A

The time it takes for a population of bacteria to double in number

82
Q

How do you count bacteria using a direct method

A

-count the number of living cells

83
Q

How do you count bacteria using an indirect method

A

measure cell activites

84
Q

What is serial dilution

A

dilution in a series of successive steps where the diluted sample at every step is used to prepare the next dilution

85
Q

What is the equation for serial dilution

A

final concentration= (initial concentration)x(total dilution factor)

86
Q

What are 3 types of microbes

A

-prokaryotic

Microbio (5 decks)

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