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Microbio > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is central dogma and what is the exception to the rule

A

CENTRAL DOGMA: DNA–transcription->RNA–Translation–> protein

EXCEPTION: “reverse transcription” some viruses that have RNA (HIV reverses the genome)

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2
Q

What is DNA made out of

A

-phosphate group
-sugar group
-1 out of 4 nitrogen bases

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3
Q

what are complementary bases for DNA

A

A-T
G-C

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4
Q

What are genes

A

-molecular unit of heredity
-stretch of DNA sequence coding for a protein (or RNA)

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5
Q

What is gene expression

A

the process of converting information encoded in DNA into usable products

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6
Q

How is DNA held together

A

they are held together by hydrogen bonds by complementary base pairs (A-T,G-C)

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7
Q

What is a genome

A

-complete set of DNA that make up an organism

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8
Q

A genome is defined as?
A)The study of all the genetic information in an organism and how those genes interact with each other and the environment
B) The physically observable expression of genes
C) The particular variants an organism or cell possesses for one particular gene
D) all the genetic information in an organism or cell

A

D. all the genetic information in an organism or cell

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9
Q

are all sequences in the genome, genes

A

only a portion of the genome is made of genes coding for RNA/protein

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10
Q

Do all RNA’s code for proteins

A

-only mRNA codes for proteins
-tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, and snRNA DO NOT code for proteins

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11
Q

what is origin of replication

A

-two replication forks moves bidirectionally in two opposite directions

CIRCULAR DNA
-prokaryotes
-one origin

LINEAR DNA
-eukaryotes
-multiple origins

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12
Q

What are the steps of replication

A

INITIATION
-DNA is unwinded creating the replication fork

ELONGATION
-helicase helps unwind the DNA
-DNA polymerase add nucleotides (it builds)

TERMINATION
-RNA primers are degraded
-The gaps created on the lagging strand are filled by DNA polymerase
-The fragments are connected by DNA ligase
-in prokaryotes the circular DNA are separated by topoisomerase

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13
Q

Why is there a lagging and a leading strand at each fork? Which is leading, which is lagging?

A
  • The lagging strand exists because DNA is antiparallel and replication always occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
  • The leading strands are A & D
  • The lagging strands are B & C
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14
Q

What are telomeres?

A
  • Telomeres are required for cell division
  • Found at the ends of chromosomes
  • They cap and protect the end chromosome like the end of a shoelace
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15
Q

What is the end replication problem?

A
  • The DNA at the very end of the chromosome cannot be fully copied in each round of replication, resulting in a slow, gradual shortening of the chromosome.
  • Replicated DNA keeps getting shorter and shorter each time
  • Replicated DNA is never the same “length”.
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16
Q

RNA molecules are processed after transcription in what

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • because in Prokaryotes, bacteria, it transcription and translation happens at the same time
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17
Q

Difference between promoter and enhancer?

A
  • Promoters are fairly large nucleotide sequences that initiate the process of transcription.
  • Enhancers are short nucleotide sequences that enhance the transcription rate in the genome.
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18
Q

Is replication conservative or semi-conservative?

A
  • semi-conservative
    • means one strand of DNA molecule is old and one is new
19
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A
  • “The Builder”
  • Enzyme responsible for synthesis of new DNA
    • works in 5’ to 3’ direction (adding new nucleotides to the 3’ end)
    • Must be initiated from a short RNA sequence (Primer)
20
Q

What does Primase/Primer to?

A
  • Primer helps Polymerase. Help direct Polymerase to let them know where to build.
  • ## Primase is required because DNA polymerases cannot initiate polymer synthesis on single-stranded DNA templates; they can only elongate from the 3′-hydroxyl of a primer.
21
Q

What are Okazaki Fragments?

A
  • Part of the lagging strand
  • Short segment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand (Discontinuous)
22
Q

What does Helicase do?

A
  • “Unzipping enzyme”
  • Opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
23
Q

How does the DNA, during Helicase, prevent itself from coiling?

A
  • Single stranded DNA binding protein (SSB)
    • binds SS DNA and prevents reannealing / coiling
24
Q

What is the Leading Strand?

A

the single strand of the replication fork that is synthesized continuously

25
Q

What is the Lagging Strand?

A

The single strand of the replication fork that is synthesized discontinuously, creating Okazaki fragments

26
Q

What does DNA Ligase do?

A
  • “Glue”
  • Fills in the gaps in the lagging strand
  • Joins Okazaki fragments once DNA Polymerase is done.
27
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A
  • made of amino acid monomers
  • main difference is the “R” group
28
Q

what is uracil for

A

RNA

29
Q

what is thymine for

A

DNA

30
Q

mRNA carries what

A

the encoded information from DNA to ribosomes

31
Q

what does tRNA transport

A

-amino acids to an elongating polypeptide chain for protein synthesis
-also works for anticodons

32
Q

What is rRNA a component of

A

ribosomes

33
Q

What is the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA
    • Deoxyribose Sugar
    • A,T,C,G bases
    • Double stranded
  • RNA
    • Ribose Sugar
    • A, U, C, G bases
    • Single stranded
34
Q

What is Sense and Antisense?

A
  • The coding (sense) strand of the DNA is identical in base sequence to the transcribed RNA, with U in the RNA in place of T in the DNA (non-template)
  • The non-coding strand (antisense) is used as the template
35
Q

What are the three stages of Transcription? (I.E.T.) and what do they do

A
  • Initiation - RNA polymerase binds the promoter region with the help of transcription factors and unwinds the DNA
  • Elongation - RNA polymerase moves forward as it untwists to the 3’ end by using the template DNA strand (5’ to 3’ direction)
  • ## Termination - once the RNA polymerase gets to the termination sequence in DNA and the newly made RNA is detached
36
Q
  • The gene encoding the E. coli enzyme β-galactosidase begins with the sequence shown below. What is the sequence of the mRNA transcript specified by this part of the gene?
A

C

37
Q
  • How could you describe the relative location of the initiation site?
    1. Upstream of the promoter site
    2. Upstream of the transcription termination sequence, down stream of the promoter
    3. Downstream of the transcription termination sequences
A
  • Upstream of the promoter site
    • Promoter is “initial” and enhancer is “enhanced”
    • Promoter region:
      • specific sequences upstream of the transcription start site that signals RNA polymerase binding to DNA
38
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • made out proteins
  • and ribosome RNA (rRNA)
39
Q

What are Codons?

A

Groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid

40
Q

What are Codons?

A

Groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid

41
Q

Start Codon vs Stop Codon

A
  • Start codon initiates translation. Sequence: AUG (codes for methionine)
    • AUG is always first, this is where it always initiates
  • Stop codon stops protein synthesis and releases the polypeptide from translation machinery.
42
Q

The codon ACG codes for which amino acid?

A

Thr

43
Q

What is AUG on the codon chart?

A
  • Methionene
  • always first
44
Q

What does Transfer RNA (tRNA) do?

A

Carries amino acids to a protein forming complex

Microbio (5 decks)

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