Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Study of human movement
A
Kinesiology’
2
Q
Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms
A
Biomechanics
3
Q
Branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a CONSTANT state of motion
A
Statics
4
Q
Branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to ACCELERATION
A
Dynamics
5
Q
Study of the action of forces
A
Kinetics
6
Q
Study of the description of motion, including considerations of space and time
A
Kinematics
7
Q
Involving non- numeric description of quality
A
Qualitative
8
Q
Involving the use of numbers
A
Quantitative
9
Q
Motion along a line, either straight or curved
A
Linear motion
10
Q
Another term for linear motion
A
Translation
11
Q
Motion along a straight line
A
Rectilinear motion
12
Q
Motion along a curved line
A
Curvilinear motion
13
Q
A long jumper in mid air follows what path?
A
Curvilinear
14
Q
Rotation around a central imaginary line
A
Axis of rotation
15
Q
Rotation of a body segment around a joint is an example of what?
A
Angular motion
16
Q
Combination of linear and angular motion
A
General motion
17
Q
What motion is most involved in human movement?
A
General motion
18
Q
A body or portion of a body that is chosen for analysis
A
Mechanical system
19
Q
Erect standing position with all body parts facing forward, serves as starting point for defining movement terms
A
Anatomical Reference Position
20
Q
Direction: Closer/Further to the head
A
Superior/Inferior
21
Q
Direction: Toward the front/back
A
Anterior(ventral)/Posterior(dorsal)
22
Q
Direction: Toward/Away from the midline
A
Medial/Lateral
23
Q
Direction: Closer/Further from the trunk
A
Proximal/Distal
24
Q
Direction: Toward/Away from the surface
A
Superficial/Deep
25
Divides the body into left and right halves
Sagittal plane
26
Divides the body into front and back halves
Frontal plane
27
Divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse planes
28
Movements within Sagittal plane (4)
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion (upward)
Plantar flexion (downward)
29
Movements within Frontal plane (2)
Abduction
Adduction
30
Movements within Transverse plane (3)
External/Internal rotation
Pronation
Supination
31
Axis perpendicular to the Sagittal plane allowing flexion/extension
Mediolateral/Frontal Axis
32
Axis perpendicular to the frontal plane, allowing abduction,adduction
Anteroposterior Axis
33
Perpendicular to the transverse plane allowing rotation
Longitudinal axis
34
A system used to standardize quantitative descriptions of human motion
Spatial Reference Systems
35
Most commonly used Spatial Reference system
Cartesian Coordinate System (2D and 3D measurements)
36
CS: Used for linear movements (ex: running ,cycling, jumping)
2D Analysis
37
CS: Uses cameras track joint markers for a more detailed assessment
3D Analysis
38
CS: Identifies movement directions
Positive & Negative coordinates
39
Visual representation of an individual’s motion using dots of LIGHT at major joints
Point Light Display
40
TF: PLD helps researchers study kinetics without distraction from body shape
False
Kinematics
41
Visual observation method used to analyze human motion
Qualitative Analysis
42
Prerequisite knowledge for Analysis (2)
Understanding the Skill
Gaining Biomechanical Knowledge
43
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion; proportional to mass
Inertia
44
The quantity of matter composing a body; measured in kilograms (kg)
Mass (m)
45
A push or pull acting on an object; X = ma (measured in Newtons, N)
Force (F)
46
The overall force acting on a system after all forces are accounted
for
Net force
47
The force of gravity acting on an object; X= m × ag (ag = -9.81
m/s² on Earth)
Weight (wt)
48
The point where weight is equally distributed in all directions
Center of gravity
49
Force per unit area (N/m² or Pascals, Pa)
Pressure (P)
50
The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by a body (m³, L)
Volume (V)
51
Mass per unit volume (kg/m³)
Density (ρ)
52
The rotational effect of a force; X = F × d (Newton-meters, Nm)
Torque (T)
53
A change in momentum over time; X = F × t (Ns)
Impulse (J)
54
Visual representation of all forces acting on an object
Free Body Diagram
55
Greater torque = __ rotational motion
More
56
Applying force over time (J), changes an object’s __
Momentum
57
Mechanical Loads: The effect of a force depends on its (DDDM)
Distribution
Direction
Duration
Magnitude
58
TF: If Net Force ≠ 0, motion occurs in the opposite direction of the net force
False
In the direction of
59
Load: Pulling or stretching force directed axially
Tension
60
Load: Pressing or squeezing force directed axially
Compression
61
Visual representation of an individual’s motion using dots of LIGHT at major joints
Point Light Display
62
Load: Force directed parallel to a surface
Shear
63
Load: Asymmetric loading creating tension on one side and compression on the other
Bending
64
Load: The simultaneous action of more than one type of loading
Combined loading
65
Load most common in the body
Combined loading
66
Force per unit of area over which force acts (N/m² or N/cm²)
Stress
67
Change in shape due to applied force
Deformation
68
Load Deformation Curve: Temporary deformation; returns to original shape
Elastic Region
69
Load Deformation Curve: Permanent deformation
Plastic Region
70
Load Deformation Curve: Stuctural Integrity is lost (bone fracture, tissue rupture)
Failure Point
71
(Microtrauma): Low-magnitude, repeated applications
(ex. running injuries)
Repetitive loading
72
(Macrotrauma): Single high-magnitude application causing
injury (ex. bone fracture from a fall)
Acute loading
73
Quantities with only magnitude (ex. mass, volume, length, speed)
Scalars
74
Quantities with magnitude and direction (ex. force, velocity,
acceleration, displacement)
Vectors
75
Determining a single vector from two or more vectors
by vector addition
Vector composition
76
Graphical method where the tip of one vector connects
to the tail of the next
Tip-to-tail method
77
Breaking down a single vector into two perpendicular
components
Vector resolution
78
The extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force
Stiffness (bone)
79
The amount of loading an object can withstand before failure
Strength(bone)
80
Ability to resist compression OR the maximum load that a material can withstand before permanently deforming or breaking
Compressive strength
81
Ability to resist tension
Tensile strength
82
Pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body
Compressive stress
83
Force directed parallel to a surface
Shear stress
84
Characteristic of exhibiting different strength and
stiffness depending on the direction of the incoming load
Anisotropic characteristic
85
Cortical bone is strongest in resisting __ stress
Compressive
86
Cortical bone is weakest in resisting __ stress
Shear
87
Skeleton: Skull, Vertebra, Sternum, and Ribs
Axial skeleton
88
Skeleton: Bones composing the body appendages (limbs)
Appendicular skeleton
89
Specialized cells that BUILD bone tissue
Osteoblasts
90
Specialized cells that RESORB bone tissue
Osteoclasts
91
Increase in bone mass
Bone hypertrophy
92
Decrease in bone mass
Bone atrophy
93
Mechanical functions of Bone in human beings (2)
-Provides a rigid skeletal framework
-Provides protection to other body tissues
94
TF: Water content of bone (25-30%) affects bone stiffness
False
Strength
95
Amount of bone volume filled with pores or cavities
Bone porosity
96
TF: Bone porosity affects bone strength
True
97
Compact mineralized bone (Low Porosity)
Cortical bone
98
Less compact mineralized
connective tissue (High Porosity)
Trabecular (cancellous) bone
99
TF: Bones have the characteristics of Stiffness and Strength
True
100
Location of Cortical bone AND Trabecular bone
C: Shafts of long bones
T: Ends of long bones and vertebrae
101
Molecules that contribute to stiffness and compressive strength in bone (2)
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Phosphate
102
A protein that provides flexibility and tensile strength to the bone
Collagen
103
TF: Collagen is lost with aging, leading to increase in bone brittleness
True
104
Cortical bone is __ than Trabecular bone
Stiffer
105
Trabecular bone is __ than cortical bone
Spongier
106
TF: Cortical bones can withstand more stress but less strain/ deformation
True
107
TF: Trabecular bone can undergo more strain/deformation before fracturing
True
108
Small cube-shaped bones that provide limited gliding and shock absorption
Short bones
109
Large flat bones that provide protection to body tissues and
large surface for attachments of muscles and ligaments
Flat bones
110
Bones with irregular (specific for their role) shapes to
fulfill their required functions in the human body
Irregular bones
111
Bones with a long cylindrical shaft (cortical bone) with bulbous
ends classified as condyles, tubercules, or tuberosities that make up the
framework of the APPENDICULAR skeleton.
Long bones
112
The inner layer of the __ builds CONCENTRIC layers of new bone tissue on top of existing layers
Periosteum
113
New bone cell production occurs at growth centers known as __, until it closes during late adolescence or early adulthood
Epiphyses
114
The DENSITY of bones are a function of the MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION of the mechanical stresses that are acting on the bone.
Wolff’s Law
115
As mechanical stress increases, so does osteoblast activity
Positive correlation
116
As mechanical stress decrease, so does osteoclast activity
Negative correlation
117
The ONLY tissue capable of actively developing tension
Muscle tissue
118
Muscle tissue requires stimulation by the __ system
Neuromuscular
119
Ability to be stretched or to increase in length
Extensibility
120
Property of muscle that allows progressive increases in
length over time when stretched.
Viscoelasticity
121
TF: Muscle will immediately recoil to resting length
False
Will not but gradually over time
122
Ability to return to normal resting length, following a stretch
Elasticity
123
Passive elastic property of muscle
provided by the MUSCLE MEMBRANES
Parallel Elastic Component (PEC)
124
Passive elastic property of muscle
residing in the TENDONS
Series Elastic Component SEC
125
The primary component of the elasticity of the human skeletal muscle
SEC
126
Ability to respond to a stimulus (stimulate to irritate)
Irritability
127
The contractile component (myosin & actin crossbridge) provides the ability to develop tension in the muscle.
Ability to develop tension
128
Singular muscle cell that is specialized to contract and generate tension
Muscle fiber
129
Muscle fiber is surrounded by __ membrane
Sarcolemma
130
Sarcolemma contains a specialized cytoplasm called…
Sarcoplasm
131
Hypertrophy may occur as increased increases in __ and/or __
Length, diameter
132
Fiber __ may be increased via resistance training
diameter
133
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates
Motor unit
134
The functional unit of the neuromuscular system
Motor unit
135
Most are composed of __-type cells whose response is developing tension in a twitch like fashion to a single stimulus.
Twitch
136
If an impulse is strong enough to release a sufficient amount of neurotransmitters, all the fibers innervated by that motor neuron will
contract
All-or-None Principle
137
AoN: If another action potential reaches the muscle fibers before relaxation,
the muscle fibers will contract harder
Temporal summation or increased firing rate/frequency
138
Motor units are recruited in an orderly process from smallest to largest
Size Principle
139
Force output is changed by either:
Increasing the firing frequency
Activating more motor units
140
Which twitch fiber reaches peak tension relatively quickly?
Fast twitch
141
Which twitch fiber reaches peak tension relatively slower?
Slow twitch
142
Which twitch fiber is the first to be recruited?
Slow twitch, type 1
143
Fibers are roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis
of the muscle.
Parallel Fiber Arrangement
144
Fibers lie at an angle to the muscle’s longitudinal
axis
Pennate Fiber Arrangement
145
Which fibers attach to one or more tendons?
Pennate fibers
146
Angle that increases as tension increases in the muscle fibers
Angle of pennation
147
Shortening of a muscle
Concentric
148
Lengthening of a muscle
Eccentric
149
No change in muscle length
Isometric
150
Acts to slow or stop a movement
Antagonist
151
Acts to stabilize a body part against some other force
Stabilizer
152
Acts to eliminate an unwanted action produced by an agonist
Neutralizer
153
Magnitude of the force generated by muscles is related to: (V,l)
-Velocity of muscle shortening
-Length of muscle when stimulated
154
Two-joint muscles can’t stretch enough to allow full
range of motion at both joints simultaneously
Passive insufficiency
155
Two-joint muscle can’t SHORTEN enough to cause full range of motion at both crossed joints
Active insufficiency
156
Force-Velocity Curve: Eccentrically, force and velocity have a __ relationship
Proportional
157
Force-Velocity curve: Concentrically, Force and Velocity have an __ relationship
Inverse
158
Force-Velocity curve: Isometrically, Force and Velocity have __ relationship
No, V = 0
159
Which contraction can produce the greatest force?
Eccentric
160
LTR: The total net tension present in a stretched muscle is the sum of (2)
Active tension
Passive tension
161
Length Tension Relationship: Force generation is at its peak when the muscle is slightly _
Stretched/Lengthened
162
Eccentric contraction followed immediately by the concentric contraction
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
163
Measures electrical activity produced by the muscle (myoelectric activity) with the use of transducers (electrodes)
Electromyography (EMG)
164
EMG: Applied at the surface of the skin to record myoelectric activity of muscle closer to the surface
Surface electrode
165
Inserted into muscular tissue to record myoelectric activity of deep muscle fibers
Indwelling (fine wire) electrodes
166
Time between the arrival of neural stimulus
and tension development by the muscle (Time from stimulation to action)
Electromechanical Delay
167
The amount of maximum torque an entire muscle group can generate at a joint
Muscular strength
168
TF: In muscular strength, if muscle force is parallel to the bone, torque will be produced
False
169
Rate of torque production at a joint
Muscular power
170
Muscular power is affected by (2)
Muscular strength
Movement speed
171
Ability of a muscle to exert tension over time or repeatedly
Muscular endurance
172
Reduced capacity of muscle fibers to produce force
Muscle fatigue
173
Load: Producing twisting around the longitudinal axis
Torsion
174
TF: PLD helps researchers study kinetics without distraction from body shape
False
Kinematics
175
WL: Weight bearing Exercise promotes _ _ due to proportional response or osteoblast activity
Bone development
176
WL: Mechanical stress has a __ correlation w/ osteoblast activity and __ correlation w/ osteoclast activity
Positive
Negative
177
TF: Increasing temperature will decrease the speed of nerve and muscle function
False
Increase
178
Tension provided by the MUSCLE FIBERS (contraction)
Active tension
179
Tension provided by the TENDONS and the MUSCLE MEMBRANES (PEC & SEC)
Passive tension
180
The elasticity of human skeletal muscle tissue is believed to be due primary to…(Acronym)
Series elastic component (SEC)
