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Neuropsychology > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

(60 cards)

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0
Q

Mind-body problem

A

A person is capable of being conscious and rational only because of having a mind, but how can a non material mind produce movements in a material body?

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1
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Described a relation between the mind and the brain

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2
Q

Dualism

A

The position that mind and body are separate but can interact

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3
Q

Monism

A

Monists avoid the mind-body problem by postulating that the mind and body are simply a unitary whole

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4
Q

Materialism

A

The idea that rational behavior can be fully explained by the working of the NS without any need to refer to a nonmaterial mind

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5
Q

Franz Josef Gall and Johann Casper Spurzheim

A
  • developed the idea that different parts of the brain have different functions
  • proposed that the cortex and it’s gyri were functioning parts of the brain and not just coverings for the pineal body
  • proposed that the cortex produces behavior thru the control of other parts of the brain and spinal cord thru the corticospinal tract
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6
Q

Phrenology

A
  • study of the relation b/w the skull’s surface features and a person’s faculties
  • this map shows the relation b/w brain functions and the skull surface
  • criticisms:
    • characteristics such as faith,
      self-love, and veneration are
      impossible to define and quantify
      objectively
    • phrenologists also failed to
      recognize that the superficial
      features of the skull reveal little
      about the underlying brain
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7
Q

Cranioscopy

A

A method in which a device was placed around the skull to measure the bumps and depressions there

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8
Q

Localization of function

A

A general theory developed by Gall to show how the brain might produce differences in individual abilities

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9
Q

Localizationalists

A

People who believed that functions of the body could be localized to a side of the brain

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10
Q

Aphasia

A

Defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or of comprehending spoken or written language due to injury or disease of the brain

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11
Q

Alexia

A

Loss of the ability to read

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12
Q

Apraxia

A

An inability to make sequences of movements

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13
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • located speech in the third convolution (gyrus) of the frontal lobe on the left side of the brain
  • demonstrated that language is localized
  • experimented on Tan
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14
Q

Broca’s area

A

The anterior speech region of the brain

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15
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

The syndrome that results from the damage to the anterior speech region of the brain

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16
Q

Tan

A
  • had paralysis on right side of brain
  • could only say the word “tan” and utter an oath
  • had a lesion on his left frontal lobe
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17
Q

Carl Wernicke

A
  • the first notable scientist to dissent Broca’s findings

- suspected a relation b/w the functioning of hearing and that of speech

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18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The region of the temporal lobe associated with this form of aphasia

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19
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

AKA: temporal-lobe aphasia or fluent aphasia

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20
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A
  • a pathway in which auditory ideas can be sent from Wernicke’s area
  • leads to Broca’s area, where the representations of speech movements are stored
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21
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

A speech deficit in which, if arcuate fibers connecting the two speech areas were cut, disconnecting the areas but without inflicting damage on either one

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22
Q

Norman Geschwind

A

Confirmed and updated Wernicke’s speech model

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23
Q

Disconnection

A

Predicts that complex behaviors are built up in assembly-line fashion as information collected by sensory systems enters the brain and travels thru different structures before resulting in an overt response

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24
John Hughlings-Jackson
- observed recovery of function in humans who had suffered brain injury - proposed that the NS was organized as a function hierarchy
25
Hierarchal organization of function
Each successively higher level controls more complex aspects of behavior and did so by means of the lower levels
26
HM
- a patient of Scoville - was treated for epilepsy - the treatment was successful in stopping the epilepsy, but left him with amnesia, and he wasn't able to make new memories
27
William Scoville
Bilaterally removed the medial parts of the temporal lobes from patient HM, who had epilepsy
28
Brenda Milner
Revealed that there is not just one memory structure in the brain but rather that a number of neural structures encode memories separately and in parallel
29
The binding problem
Expresses the puzzle that, altho the brain analyzes sensory events thru multiple, parallel channels that don't converge on a single brain region, we perceive a unified representation of our experiences
30
Joseph Bogen and Philip Vogel
- cut the corpus callosum and the smaller commisures that connect the two cortical hemispheres - this reduced the seizures and improve the lives of these "split brain" patients
31
Roger Sperry
Conducted a series of studies on patients with "split brains" that overthrew the classical view of the role of the two hemispheres and revolutionized approaches to the study of mental functions
32
Split-brain research
Demonstrated that each disconnected hemisphere has it's own higher gnostic (knowing) function
33
Lesion
Any damage to the nervous system
34
Brain hypothesis
The idea that the brain is responsible for all behavior
35
Neuron hypothesis
The idea that the unit of brain structure and function is the nerve cell ``` 3 aspects: 1. Neurons are discrete, autonomous cells that interact but not physically connected 2. They send electrical signals that have a chemical basis 3. They communicate with one another by using chemical signals ```
36
Theodor Schwann
Enunciated the theory that cells are the basic structural units of the NS, just as they are for the rest of the body
37
Camilio Golgi
Impregnated tissue with silver nitrate and found that a few cells in their entirety - cell body, dendrites, and axons - became encrusted with silver
38
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Used Golgi's silver-staining technique to examine the brains of chicks at various ages and pronounced beautiful drawings of neurons at different stages of growth
39
Electrical stimulation of brain
Causes muscle contractions (tested on a frog)
40
Gustav Theodor Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
Studied how electrical conduction thru the body might relate to information flow in neurons
41
Charles Sherrington
- examined how nerves connect to muscles and first suggested that there is no continuous connection - theorized that neurons are connected by junctions and that additional time is required for the message to get across the junction
42
Synapse
Junctions that neurons need to get messages around the body
43
Otto Loewi
Demonstrated that chemicals carry the message across the synapse
44
Wilder Penfield
Noted, with Herbert Jasper, that anthropologists have found evidence of brain surgery dating to prehistoric times
45
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
- came up with a solution to the problem of identifying who would perform poorly on a test - commissioned to develop tests to identify retarded children so that they could receive special instruction
46
Lewis Terman
Produced a version of the Stanford-Binet test in which the intelligence quotients were first used
47
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Calculated by mental age divided by chronological age times 100
48
Multiple sclerosis
- a degenerative disease characterized by a loss of sensory and motor function - results from hardening of nerve-fiber pathways in the spinal cord
49
Brain imaging
- allows rapid correlation between symptoms and brain pathology - an essential tool for diagnosis
50
Computerized tomography (CT)
- entails the passage of X-rays thru the head - produces a darker image of the brain - generates a 3D image of the brain
51
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- entails the injection of radioactive substances that decay in minutes into the bloodstream so that they reach the brain - gives off photons that are detected in the brain - 2 or 3D reconstruction of the brain
52
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Calculates the location of moving molecules by detecting the electrical charge generated by their movement
53
Sympathetic NS
- fight or flight - activates body so it can respond to an emergency - increased HR and respiratory rate - release of adrenaline - awareness constricts - blood in GI constricts, gets shunted to muscles - sweat on palms/soles of feet (better traction) - blood carries lots of oxygen and glucose
54
Parasympathetic NS
- rest and digest - blood goes to internal organs - blood shunted to core of body - glucose goes back into liver - "reboot" body for next emergency
55
Paraplegia
Bottom half of the body is paralyzed
56
Quadriplegia
All four limbs paralyzed
57
Hemiplesia
Lateral half of body paralyzed (if right side of brain damaged, left side of body paralyzed)
58
Hemiparesis
- almost same as hemiplegia | - not a total loss of movement, but profound weakness
59
Cross sectional views of the brain
- coronal - horizontal - sagittal/midsagittal

Neuropsychology (1 decks)

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