Exam 1 Study Guide (Modules 1-3) Flashcards
(42 cards)
5 main points in the Surgeon’s General’s call to actions on obesity
2001
1) Promote the recognition of overweight and obesity as major public health problems.
2) Assist Americans in balancing healthful eating with
regular physical activity to achieve and maintain a
healthy or healthier body weight.
3) Identify effective and culturally appropriate
interventions to prevent and treat overweight and
obesity.
4) Encourage environmental changes that help
prevent overweight and obesity.
5) Develop and enhance public-private partnerships
to help implement this vision
Categories for BMI
Class 1 (low-risk) obesity = 30.0-34.9 BMI
Class 2 (moderate-risk) obesity = 35.0-39.9 BMI
Class 3 (high-risk) obesity = 40.0-49.9 BMI
Super obesity = equal to or greater than 50.0 BMI
How to calculate BMI
A person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters
BMI= kg/(m)^2 or
BMI= kg/(m)(m)
Top 4 disease risk by overweight and obese
Cardiovascular disease
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Type 2 diabetes
Chronic inflammation
Stroke
Disease risk increases beginning at BMIs of 25-29.9and further at BMI of 30. Risk has to do with adiposity vs lean tissue mass
Limitations of BMI and why its important
1) BMI fails to distinguish between fat and muscle mass
2) Ethnicity (some body fat percentages at ethnicities are normal compared to others)
3) Older adults tend to have more body fat than younger adults for an equivalent BMI
4) Women have greater amounts of total body fat than men with an equivalent BMI
Metabolic Syndrome
Group of conditions that together increase risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke
Five risks that make up metabolic syndrome:
1) High waist size/circumference (greater than 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women)
2) High triglycerides (greater than 1.7mmol/L)
3) Low HDL-Cholesterol (less than 1.03 mmol/L in men and less than 1.29 mmol/L in women)
4) High blood pressure (greater than 120mmHg or 85 mmHg)
5) High glucose (greater than 5.6 mmol/L)
If a person has 3/5 of these, they will most likely be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome
Framing Principles
Individualized frame: Defining a problem in individualized terms limits governmental responsibility; Individual causing the problem
System frame: Systemic frames invite governmental action; System is causing the problem
5 Social Determinants of Health
1) Education access and quality
2) Economic stability
3) Social and community context
4) Neighborhood and build environment
5) Health care access and quality
3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology and What Sociology Encompasses
1) Functionalist: Concerned with order, balance, and stability in society, with social structure and the ways in which society’s parts fit together. Essentially, functionalists focus on impact, on consequences, regardless of intent
2) Conflict Theorist: Especially concerned with the ways in which the benefits of human social arrangements are distributed. See society as constantly changing, and they see conflict as the primary engine of change
3) Social Interactionist: Focus more on the micro-sociological level - on interactions between individuals and among small groups, and they ask what meanings are conveyed and how
5 layers of socio-ecological framework
Smallest
Individual: Knowledge, skills, and attitude
Interpersonal: Family, friends, and social networks
Organizational: Organizations, social institutions
Community: Relationships among organizations
Public policy: National, state, local laws
Largest
Nutrient dense
High levels of nutrients per serving (vitamins, minerals, etc)
Ex: Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seafood, eggs, unsalted nuts, seeds
Energy dense
More calories per serving
Ex: Yogurt, cookies, donuts, fast food
Main points of the “Poverty and Obesity related to energy” article
1) Highest rates of obesity occur among population groups with the highest poverty rates/the least education
2) There is an inverse relation between energy density and energy cost, such that energy-dense foods composed of refined grains, added sugars, or fats may represent the lowest-cost option for the consumer
3) The high energy density and palatability of sweets and fats are associated with higher energy intakes
4) Poverty and food insecurity are associated with lower food expenditures, low fruit and vegetable consumption, and lower-quality diets
Poverty and obesity relationship is due to the low cost of energy dense foods and the high palatability of sugar and fat. More Americans become overweight and obese while consuming more added sugars and fats and spending a lower percentage of their disposable income on food
Bioenergenetics
The flow of energy through biological (living) systems, including human beings
Study of how energy is transferred in cells, tissues, and organism in which the body utilizes and transfers energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Process is through cellular metabolism
Intermediary Energy Metabolism
The intracellular process that convert food material into specific products (metabolites) by the action of enzymes with a net production of energy
Energy Balance
The relationship between energy intake (food calories taken into body) and energy output (calories being utilized for daily energy requirement)
Anabolism
Cells utilize smaller molecules and free energy to rebuild larger molecules requires energy
Needed for organism to maintain, grow, and store molecules
Ex: Formation of polypeptides from amino acids, glucose forming glycogen, and fatty acids forming triglycerides
Catabolism
Breaking down large complex molecules into smaller units
Releases energy
Needed for organism to perform activities
Ex: Proteins broken down into amino acids, carbohydrates into glucose, and triglycerides into fatty acids
ATP and its relation to energy
Energy is obtained through high-energy bond/source called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Fuels the work of all body cells
Carbohydrates: Glycolysis (glucose and ATP make pyruvate and more ATP) and cellular respiration (pyruvate from glycolysis make ethanol and lactic acid)
Protein: Amino acids create pyruvate to create glucose
Fat: Dehydrogenase; C18FA-CoA + acetyl CoA = ATP
Energy balance in relation to calories
Based on thermodynamics
energy cannot be destroyed and thus can only be gained, lost, or stored by the organism
Energy balance is the state achieved when the energy intake equals energy expenditure
Energy (initial) + Energy (expenditure) = 0
Thermodynamics Laws 1 and 2
1) Law of conservation of energy: Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Focus is on transfer of energy from one form to another
2) Law of entropy: Entropy (disorder) must increase if a reaction is to be spontaneous. Applies to metabolism, and therefore, to bioenergetics
Decreasing entropy
Human consumes food and decreases entropy via anabolic metabolism
Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, and other food components
Increasing entropy
Human generates wastes and increases entropy via catabolic metabolism
Carbon dioxide, water, and other components of breath, urine, feces, and sweat
Difference in caloric balances
Isocaloric balance: Weight maintained; Energy in = Energy out
Negative caloric balance: Weight loss; Energy in < Energy out; High hunger index
Positive caloric balance: Weight gain; Energy in > Energy out; High satiety index
Cycle:
Eat food, digest food, absorb food nutrients, transport nutrients, store food calories, burn calories, eat food
