Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
(35 cards)
hunger
A physiologic sensation that prompts us to eat. Our body senses the need to eat which may be nonspecific
(not driven by appetite) rather physiologic in low blood glucose affecting regulatory hormones.
empty feeling
satiety
The state reached in which there is no longer the desire to eat. Can refer to the feeling of fullness
between meals
full feeling
satiation
The feeling of fullness during a meal which may influence the action of stopping a meal
when eating stops
appetite
A psychological desire to consume specific foods. It is
aroused by environmental cues such as sight, smell,
and/or sound which prompts emotions or memories.
pleasant anticipation
Hunger and satiety organ origin
hypothalamus
ileal break
Food lipids (dietary fats) that are not
digested pass on to the distal portion of
the small intestine (ileum) this slows
digestion and triggers satiety hormone
communication in the brain
ghrelin
regulates appetite and increases amount of food one may eat;
ghrelin levels increase before a meal and fall about 1 hour post meal;
ghrelin levels may increase after weight loss perhaps resulting in recurrent weight gain after weight loss
leptin
protein produced by adipose cells;
primary role is to reduce food intake and cause a decrease in body weight/fat
obesity gene codes for production of leptin. when gene reduces the ability of adipose cells to synthesize leptin in sufficient amounts; food intake increased and energy output reduced = weight gain
hormones
chemical messengers coordinate various functions throughout the body. They act as regulators of physiologic processes.
Roughly, 50 hormones are identified in the human body with
various regulatory processes.
Various organs, glands, and tissues release hormones
(hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, adipose tissue, gut, and placenta).
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers which carry chemical messages from
one neuron (nerve cell) to a target cell.
They can influence a neuron in one of three ways: excitatory,
inhibitory, or modulatory.
insulin
helps regulate blood glucose levels and influence satiety by acting on hypothalamus;
reduces appetite by enhancing effects of leptin and promoting glucose uptake;
levels increase after eating to manage blood sugar and energy balance
3 main hormones associated with satiety and hunger regulations
ghrelin
leptin
insulin
brain gut axis
The gastrointestinal system is highly linked
with the central nervous system.
* Gut microbiota aids in the regulation of
neurotransmitters such as serotonin, GABA, and
dopamine.
* A decrease in diversity results in GI or mood
distress.
* Stress increased inflammation in the gut and can
shift the diversity of bacteria.
peptide yy or pyy
A protein produced in the GI tract.
Released postprandial/meal related to the
energy content of the meal.
* Decreases appetite and inhibits food
intake.
Obese individuals may have lower levels
of PYY when fasting and show less
increase postprandial
adipose tissue
Adipose is considered a type of connective tissue composed of fat cells called adipose cells or
adipocytes
adipocyte
is the specialized cell that can effectively store triglyceride, normal adipose tissue function in buffering
excessive caloric intake is able to prevent systemic
metabolic consequences related to high glucose and
lipid content in non-adipose cells
cell signals
Cell signaling or Signal transduction is the process by
which an external or internal stimuli activates a
receptor, which in turn sets up an amplification pathway
is that they call it that alters intracellular physiology –
for instance, pathways of growth and development,
muscle contraction, hormone signaling
white tissue
The major form of adipose tissue in
mammals (commonly referred to as “fat”) is
white adipose tissue, WAT. Main storage is
the form of triacylglycerol
brown tissue
Specialized adipose tissue that is primarily
tasked with thermogenesis, is brown adipose tissue, BAT. BAT specializes in the production of heat (adaptive thermogenesis) and lipid oxidation
beige tissue
thermogenesis, anti-inflammatory properties, cardioprotective
adipogenesis
origin and development of adipose cells and tissue
stem cells -> adipogenesis -> preadipocytes -> PPARG -> mature adipocytes
hyperplasia
cell number increase; number of cells remain hyperplastic when dieting. approaches to reduce can be through liposuction or cyrolipolysis
hypertrophy
cell size increase; adipocytes increase in size if energy intake exceeds expenditure; with dieting and exercise to reduce body fat, the fat mass will shrink at cell level
inflammation
protective response involving host
cells, blood vessels and proteins that eliminate the initial
cause of cell injury. Pending the degree of obesity, a
systemic response may be triggered resulting in
inflammation/immune cells to adipose tissue.
In inflammation there is an increase in circulating pro-
inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein
