Exam 1 Study Guide (new)

Question 1

around the GI system

Answer 1

parenteral

Question 2

through the GI system

Answer 2

enteral

Question 3

parenteral routes

Answer 3

o intravenous (IV)
o subcutaneous (SC, SubQ)
o intramuscular (IM)
o intraosseous (IO) [administered injection entering a bone]
o buccal (cheek)
o sublingual (SL) [under tongue]
o rectal (PR)
o vaginal
o transdermal (TD)
o inhalation
o topical
o intranasal (IN)
o ophthalmic (eyes)
o otic (ears)
o intradermal (right under skin - i.e. TB)

Question 4

fastest route in hospital setting

Answer 4

IV
(also PO)

Question 5

fastest route

Answer 5

o PO (by mouth)

Question 6

which route class has a quicker onset?
parenteral or enteral

Answer 6

parenteral will have a quicker onset versus enteral

o this is because parental meds does NOT have to go through the GI system

Question 7

IV push vs. IV infusion

Answer 7

IV infusion is also known as IV drip
o administered slowly through IV pump or hanging

IV push
o meds directly pushed through an IV site (faster)

Question 8

what are the only two interchangeable routes?

Answer 8

IO and IV

Question 9

what are the local routes?

Answer 9

o topical
o otic (ears)
o ophthalmic (eyes)

Question 10

where the IV contents are leaking and entering the local tissue

Answer 10

extravasation (infiltration)

Question 11

refers to any provider order, not just medication

Answer 11

prescription

Question 12

using medications for improving health

Answer 12

pharmacotherapeutics

Question 13

how medications move through the body

Answer 13

pharmacokinetics

Question 14

the way a drug affects changes in the body

Answer 14

pharmacodynamics

Question 15

what a drug does that leads to the drugs desired effects

Answer 15

mechanism of action (MOA)

Question 16

what the company markets the drug as

Answer 16

trade/brand name

Question 17

a single pill or solution that contains multiple medications

Answer 17

combination drug

Question 18

o most common classification of drugs
o have the same MOA as well as similar uses, side effects, and more

Answer 18

drug class

Question 19

o FDA approved
o deemed safe for the public to regulate consumption

(cannot be given without a prescription in a hospital)

Answer 19

over the counter drugs (OTC)

Question 20

how quickly the medication takes effect

Answer 20

onset

Question 21

how long the medication lasts
(how long the effects last but meds could still stay in body longer)

Answer 21

duration

Question 22

what the medication is used for

Answer 22

indications

Question 23

a reduction in the medication by the liver for medications taken enterally
(only pertains to enteral meds)

Answer 23

first pass

Question 24

protects the brain from potentially harmful entrants

Answer 24

blood-brain barrier

Question 25

elimination from the body, primarily via the kidneys

Answer 25

excretion

Question 26

what is the primary organ of elimination

Answer 26

kidney

Question 27

metabolism or biosynthesis of a drug, primarily via the liver (the way drugs are processed through the body)

Answer 27

metabolism

Question 28

how long until the medication level drops by half

Answer 28

half-life

Question 29

when a large dose is given to quickly bring the drug to therapeutic levels

Answer 29

loading dose

Question 30

when a dose is given to maintain the current levels

Answer 30

maintenance dose

Question 31

how strong a medication is

Answer 31

potency

Question 32

how effective a medication is

Answer 32

efficacy

Question 33

when a medication stimulates (promotes/activates) the effects of a receptor or substance

Answer 33

agonist

Question 34

when a medication inhibits (blocks) the effects of a receptor or substance)

Answer 34

antagonist

Question 35

when a medication is used for an effect other than what it is FDA approved for

Answer 35

off-label use

Question 36

slow decrease of medication dose

Answer 36

taper

Question 37

slow increase of a medication dose

Answer 37

titrate

Question 38

applies only to drugs

Answer 38

no known drug allergies (NKDA)

Question 39

applies to everything

Answer 39

no known allergies (NKA)

Question 40

when a patient does not respond to a medication or treatment

Answer 40

refractory

Question 41

an alert to not give the medication in the circumstance where it is unadvisable/cross-reactive cannot be given if .... do not give/proceed

Answer 41

contraindication

Question 42

an alert of potential risk with a medication (highest risk)

Answer 42

black box warning

Question 43

an alert to consider the risk versus benefit of a medication

Answer 43

consideration

Question 44

has more than one dose in it (i.e insulin)

Answer 44

multi-dose vial (MDV)

Question 45

the lowest concentration where the medication is effective (in bloodstream)

Answer 45

minimum effective concentration

Question 46

concentration where the medication is toxic

Answer 46

toxic concentration

Question 47

area between effective and toxic concentrations

Answer 47

therapeutic range

Question 48

an unintended reaction to a medication could be good or bad

Answer 48

side effects

Question 49

an undesirable adverse reaction to a medication (something you do not want)

Answer 49

adverse effect

Question 50

when a set dose has decreased efficacy due to previous exposures

Answer 50

tolerance

Question 51

substances that are taken for health that are not regulated by the FDA like medications are

Answer 51

complementary and alternative medications (CAM)

Question 52

CAM examples

Answer 52

o echinacea: for cold and flu o chamomile: for anxiety, insomnia, and other uses o ginkgo: used for many purposes, most notably memory o St. John's Wart: used for mental health such as depression o ginger: used for nausea

Question 53

being considerate of costs in making medication decisions - example: tylenol vs. acetaminophen same drug but tylenol is 1/2 the price so be considerate and prescribe cheaper for clients

Answer 53

pharmacoeconomics

Question 54

medications that cannot be crushed?

Answer 54

o enteric coated medications o sustained release o extended release

Question 55

protects the stomach from the drug or the drug from the stomach

Answer 55

enteric coated

Question 56

guidelines that affect an order examples: o withhold for systolic less than 90 o administer for a fever greater than 38 degrees celsius

Answer 56

parameters

Question 57

valid medication order must include...?

Answer 57

o name o dose o route o time (can be stat)

Question 58

high risk for abuse and dependency o drugs can be controlled regardless of whether or not they are narcotics

Answer 58

controlled substance

Question 59

schedule I o no federally approved medical use

Answer 59

o heroin o marijuana o LSD o and more

Question 60

schedule II o approved medical use and the highest level risk of abuse and dependency

Answer 60

o hydromorphone o fentanyl o morphine o and more

Question 61

schedule III o high risk for abuse and dependency but less than schedule I/II

Answer 61

o amphetamine o pentobarbital o and more

Question 62

schedule IV o relatively low risk of dependency and abuse

Answer 62

o benzodiazepines o and more

Question 63

schedule V o lowest relative risk of abuse and dependency

Answer 63

o products containing small amounts of codeine

Question 64

o toxic for pregnant women o toxic to fetus o should not be given to women who are trying to conceive or are pregnant o pregnancy test should be done before prescribing medication o client should also be prescribed birth control

Answer 64

teratogenic drugs

Question 65

pain

Answer 65

analgesia

Question 66

fever

Answer 66

antipyretic