Exam 1 - Study Guide Questions Flashcards
(463 cards)
1
Q
what are the four basic tissues of the human body?
A
epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues
2
Q
what is the function of each type of bone cell?
A
osteoblast - form bone, osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone, osteoclast - remodel bone
3
Q
what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
A
glycosaminoglycans
4
Q
what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
A
chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfates and hyaluronic acid
5
Q
what is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?
A
collagen type 1
6
Q
what are the primary constituents of the bone
A
calcium, phosphate, citrate, carbonate ions
7
Q
what is the most frequently described to deposit in bone
A
hydroxyapatite
8
Q
bone is also the repository for what additional ions
A
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium
9
Q
what is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone
A
living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to the same stressors
10
Q
what three responses of living bone or stressed in class
A
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stress or such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age
11
Q
bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues
A
mesenchyme and or cartilage
12
Q
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification and mesenchyme
A
intramembranous ossification
13
Q
what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification
A
from the second to third month in utero
14
Q
what part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification
A
the skull
15
Q
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification and cartilage
A
endochondral ossification
16
Q
what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage
A
the 2nd to 5th month in utero
17
Q
which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
A
the mandible sphenoid temporal and occipital bones
18
Q
which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
A
the clavicle
19
Q
what are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance
A
primary centers of ossification appear before birth secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
20
Q
mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density
A
cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
21
Q
what is the name of the outer fibro cellular covering of bone
A
the periosteum
22
Q
what is the name given to the fibro cellular lining of bone
A
the endosteum
23
Q
what are the primary sources of variation observed in bone
A
sexual dimorphism or gender variation, ontogenic variation or growth / age variation, graphic or population-based variation or ethnic origin, idios syncratic variation or individual variation
24
Q
differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation
A
sexual dimorphism or gender variation
25
differences in the number or morphology of vertebra within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation
ontogenetic variation
26
differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or location variation is identified as which type of variation
Geographic variation or population-based variation
27
differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on uniqueness between individuals as identified as which type of variation
idiosyncratic variation
28
what are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones
29
what are the examples of short bones
most of the bones of the carpus and Tarsus
30
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone
the bone develops within a tendon
31
what are consistent examples of sesamoid bones
patella and pisiform
32
which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton
flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones
33
what are the examples of flat bones
the parietal bone and sternum
34
what are examples of irregular bone
the vertebra and innominate bones
35
what is characteristic of pneumatic bone
air spaces within the bone
36
what are examples of pneumatic bone
frontal ethmoid maxilla sphenoid and temporal
37
what bones contain paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla and sphenoid
38
what are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed and spinal Anatomy
accessory and heterotopic bone
39
what is the name given to Bone formed from existing bone
accessory bone
40
what are examples of accessory bone
para articular processes and bony Spurs of vertebra
41
what is the name given to Bone formed in a non bone location
heterotopic bone
42
what are examples of hetero topic bone
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
43
what are the four basic surface feature categories
facets, elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways
44
when do the surface features of bone become prominent
during and after puberty
45
what are the types of osseous elevations
linear, rounded and sharp
46
what are the types of osseous linear elevations
the line, Ridge and crest
47
what are the types of rounded osseous elevations
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
48
what are the categories of sharp osseous elevations
spine and process
49
what are the categories of osseous depressions
linear and rounded depressions
50
what are the categories of osseous linear depressions
notch or incisure, Groove, Sulcus
51
what are the categories of rounded osseous depressions
the fovea and fossa
52
what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone
ostium or orifice and Hiatus
53
what is the definition of an osseous ostium
a round or oval opening on the surface of bone
54
what is the definition of an osseous hiatus
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
55
what are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone
foramen or canal
56
what is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind ended passageway
meatus
57
what are the categories of osseous facets
flat facet and rounded facets
58
what are the categories of rounded osseous facets
articular heads and articular condyles
59
how many bones from the typical adult appendicular skeleton
126 bones
60
how many bones form a typical adult axial skeleton
80 bones
61
what bones form the axial skeleton
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
62
what is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible
the cranium
63
what are the names given to the top of the adult skull
the calvaria or calva
64
what are the categories of bone form in the typical adult skull
the neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral Cranium) and the auditory ossicles
65
what is the neurocranium
the bones that support and protect the brain
66
how many bones from the typical adult neurocranium
eight bones
67
what bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
68
how many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)
14 bones
69
what is the facial skeleton
is the bones that support the face or front of the head
70
what bones form the facial skeleton
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal Concha, Palatine, and zygomatic
71
by strict definition what is the splanchnocranium
the bones that support the face minus the mandible
72
what bones form the splanchnocranium
vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal Concha, Palatine, zygomatic
73
how many bones are present in the adult hyoid
one bone
74
what is the number of bones comprise in each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column
seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebra, one sacrum and one coccyx
75
what is the name given to the pre sacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column
the spine
76
what is the total number of bones form in the typical adult spine
24 bones
77
what is the definition of spine as it pertains to the vertebral column
the Pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
78
how many bones are present in the typical adult sternum
one bone
79
what regions are present along the typical adult sternum
the manubrium sterni, the Corpus Sterni and the xiphoid process
80
how many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton
12 pair or 24 ribs
81
what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult
26 segments
82
what constitutes the spine
the 24 presacral segments; cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
83
how many segments United Forum the typical sacrum
five segments
84
how many segments United from the typical coccyx
four segments
85
what does the term cervical refer to
the region of the neck
86
what is the typical number of segments in the cervical region
7 segments
87
what does the term thoracic refer to
breastplate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the
88
what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest
the dorsal segments, the dorsal
89
what are the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region
12 segments
90
what does the term lumbar refer to
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
91
what is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region
five segments
92
what does the term sacrum refer to
the holy bone or holy region
93
what does the term coccyx refer to
the cuckoo birds bill or cuckoo birds beak
94
what is the length of a typical male spinal column
about 70 CM or 28 inches
95
what is the length of a typical female spinal column
about 60 cm or 25 inches
96
what is the difference in length between the typical male and typical female spinal column
about three inches
97
what is the length of the male cervical
about 12 CM or five inches
98
what is the length of a male thoracic region
about 28 CM or 11 inches
99
what is the length of the male lumbar region
about 18 cm or 7 inches
100
what is the length of the male sacrum
about 12 CM or five inches
101
based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column what is the length of the male spine
about 58 cm or 23 in
102
how does the vertebral column participate in the protection of neural tissues
the spinal cord and beginning pns are located within the vertebral segments
103
how does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera
ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs
104
what parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column
the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
105
how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
106
what levels of the vertebral column specifically, date weight-bearing transfer
S1 through S3 at the auricular surface
107
distinguish between motion and locomotion
motion is movement without travel. Locomotion is movement to a new site or location
108
what is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame
comparative anterior versus posterior height of the vertebral body and compared of anterior versus posterior height of the intervertebral disc
109
what organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
110
how is the vertebral column in stabilization of visceral function
Integrity of the spinal column enhance is appropriate nerve system control of viscera
111
when does the embryonic disk form
second week in utero
112
when does gastrulation occur or a three-layered embryo form
third week in utero
113
invagination of ectoderm along the Primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure
notochord
114
what is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column
paraxial mesoderm
115
what does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column
somites
116
name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
117
what part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column
sclerotome
118
list in order the names of the successive vertebral column's formed during development
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
119
migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature
the perichordal blastema
120
the Perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes
neural processes and costal processes
121
cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features
a loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal scleratomite
122
what forms between the sclerotomite of a parachordal blastema
the intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
123
the intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature
the perichordal disc
124
the perichordal disc is the presumptive location of what adult feature
the intervertebral discs
125
what is the earliest embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc
the intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
126
the union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature
the vertebral blastema
127
what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema
the segmental artery
128
when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema
beginning in the sixth embryonic week
129
what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage
chondrification
130
chondrification is first identified in which region of the embryonic vertebral column
the cervical region
131
what are the names given to the center of chondrification within the vertebral blastema
Centrum Center, neural Arch Center, transverse process center
132
how many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema
six. Two for the Centrum, two for the neural Arch, two for each transverse process
133
what is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra
during the seventh embryonic week
134
ossification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column
the lower cervical-upper thoracic region
135
what is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
three primary Center to five secondary Center
136
what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
Centrum Center and neural Arch Center
137
how many primary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra
3 1 for the Centrum 2 for the neural arches
138
what is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification
cartilage synchondrosis or amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
139
what are the names of the synchondrosis forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra
neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
140
what are the names of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra
tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
141
how many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra
five. One for the tip of each transverse process, one for the tip of the spinous process, one for each epiphyseal plate
142
what are the names of the synchondroses formed between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra
tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
143
what is the range of a parents for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra
during puberty, typically ages 11 to 16 years old
144
what are the three basic parts of a vertebra
the vertebral body, vertebral Arch, and the apophyseal regions
145
what is formed by the vertebral body and vertebral Arch
vertebral foramen
146
what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine
cervical is rectangular, thoracic is triangular, lumbar is reniform
147
what is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body
Superior epiphyseal Rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
148
what is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of the developing vertebral body
Superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate
149
what are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body
nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
150
what large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body
the basivertebral venous foramen
151
what is the name of the vessel entering the nutrient or vascular foramen
osseous artery
152
what is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body
the basivertebral vein
153
what is the semi-circular region of bone attached to the back of the vertebral body called
the vertebral Arch
154
what is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral Arch
the pedicle
155
what is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral Arch
lamina
156
what is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral Arch where the transverse process and articular processes
the lamina - pedicle Junction
157
what is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle
the superior vertebral Notch (incisure) and the inferior vertebral notch (incisure)
158
what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine
cervical - posterior lateral, thoracic - posterior, slightly lateral, lumbar - posterior
159
all lamina are oriented in what direction
posterior and median
160
what is the name given to the overlap of Laminae seen on x-ray
shingling
161
what ligament will attach to the lamina
the ligamentum flavum
162
what is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum
para - articular process
163
what classification of bone will para - articular processes represent
accessory bone
164
what is the name given to the lamina - pedicle Junction at each region of the spine
cervical - articular pillar, thoracic and Lumbar - pars interarticularis
165
what is the name given to the junction of the vertebral Arch - spinous process on lateral x-ray
the spinolaminar Junction
166
what is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral Arch
the apophyseal regions
167
what names may be given to each apophysis of the spine
the transverse apophysis or transverse process, articular apophysis or articular process, spinous apophysis or spinous process
168
what is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine
cervical - anterolateral, thoracic - posterolateral, lumbar - lateral
169
all non rib bearing vertebrae of the spine retain what equivalent feature
the costal element
170
what is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process
the transverse tubercle
171
what is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process
the transverse tubercle
172
what will cause the transverse process to alter its initial Direction in the cervical region
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
173
what will cause the transverse process to alter its initial Direction in the thoracic region
the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes back
174
what will the articular process support
the articular facet
175
what is the name given to the Joint formed between the articular facets of a vertebral couple
the zygapophysis
176
what is the name given to the Bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis
the superior articular facet
177
what is the name given to the Bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis
the inferior articular facet
178
what names are given to the part of the vertebrate which supports the front of the zygapophysis
the superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre - zygapophysis
179
what names are given to the part of the vertebrate which supports the back of the zygapophysis
the inferior articular apophysis, the inferior articular process, or the post - zygapophysis
180
in the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the
pre - zygapophysis
181
in the vertebral couple the part of the vertebrate which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the
post - zygapophysis
182
what is the name given to the part of the vertebrate forming the pre zygapophysis
the superior articular process
183
what is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post- zygapophysis
the inferior articular process
184
what is the method of calculating the angle of a spinous process
calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process and the horizontal plane
185
what is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes as seen on x-ray
imbrication
186
what is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process
the spinous tubercle
187
what is the orientation of the spinous process at each region of the spine
cervical - slight angle inferiorly, thoracic - noticeable angle inferiorly, lumbar - no inferior angle
188
what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
the inferior articular process, the superior articular process, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
189
what will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
the inferior vertebral notch
190
what will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
the superior vertebral notch
191
what will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
the vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral discs, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
192
what name is given to the opening located within the vertebral body - vertebral arch enclosure
the vertebral foramen
193
the union of all vertebral foramen are forms and apparent vertical cylinder called the
vertebral Canal or spinal canal
194
what neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until the level of L2
the spinal cord, the proximal part of the peripheral nervous system, and the meninges
195
what is the typical shape or outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column
cervical - triangular, thoracic - oval, lumbar - triangular, sacrum - triangular
196
at what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate
L1
197
at what vertebral level will the Dural Sac typically terminate
S2
198
what are the segmental arteries
the arteries whose branches Supply the vertebra or segment
199
identify all segmental arteries of the vertebral column
vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, Superior intercostal, posterior intercostal, subcostal, Lumbar, Iliolumbar, lateral sacral, and median sacral
200
what are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine
the vertebral artery, the ascending cervical artery, and the Deep cervical artery
201
what are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine
the Deep cervical artery, Superior intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery, and subcostal artery
202
what are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine
the lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median sacral artery
203
what are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra
the iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median sacral artery
204
what are the segmental arteries of the sacrum
the iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median sacral artery
205
what segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery
C1 through C6
206
what signal levels are supplied by the a sending cervical artery
C1 through C6
207
what segmental levels are supplied by the Deep cervical artery
C7 through T1
208
what the segmental levels are supplied by the superior intercostal artery
T1 and T2
209
what segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery
T3 through T 11
210
what segmental level are supplied by the subcostal artery
T12
211
what segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries
L1 through L4
212
what segmental levels are supplied by the median sacral artery
L5, S1 through S5 and coccyx
213
what sentimental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery
L5, S1 through S5 and coccyx
214
what segmental levels are supplied by the lateral sacral artery
L5, S1 through S5 and coccyx
215
which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it
L5
216
what are the segmental arteries for L5
iliolumbar artery, median sacral artery and lateral sacral artery
217
what branch of the segmental arteries supplies the vertebra and the paravertebral region
the dorsospinal artery
218
what artery is primarily observed in the distal part of the intervertebral foramen
spinal artery
219
which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter sub arachnoid space
spinal artery
220
which branches of the spinal artery Supply the contents of the epidural space
osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
221
what arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
222
what arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum
posterior spinal canal arteries and plexus
223
which branches of the spinal artery Supply the contents of the subarachnoid space
anterior radicular artery, posterior auricular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
224
which vessel will supply the ventral or anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root
anterior radicular artery
225
which vessel will supply the dorsal or posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion
posterior radicular artery
226
which artery is now set to enlarge and form the medullary feeder artery
the radicular artery
227
what is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length
anterior spinal artery
228
the anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery
vertebral artery
229
is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
no
230
as the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
anterior medullary feeder arteries
231
the posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
232
what is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord
it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
233
is the posterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
no
234
as the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous facile
posterior medullary feeder arteries
235
what forms the arterial Vasa Corona
anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, and communicating arteries
236
what is the generic name given to the arteries that penetrate the spinal cord
intra medullary arteries
237
what are the intra medullary branches of the arterial vasa Corona
Pial perforating arteries and the central/ ventral /sulcal Perforating arteries
238
what artery gives off the ventral/central/sulcal Perforating arteries
the anterior spinal artery
239
what arterial Visa Corona branches Supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord
ventral/central/sulcal Perforating arteries
240
what intra medullary branches Supply about one-third of the spinal cord
pial Perforating arteries
241
what is the source for pial Perforating arteries
the pial plexus
242
what arteries form the pial plexus
the posterior spinal arteries and the communicating arteries
243
what arteries are responsible for supplementing the arterial Vasa Corona along the cord
anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
244
what vessels drain the spinal cord
pial veins
245
what will pial veins drain into
Venous vasa Corona
246
Which vessels form the venous vasa Corona
anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins, and communicating veins
247
Which vessels will drain the venous Vasa Corona
anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
248
Which vessels will drain the ventral or anterior nerve roots
anterior radicular nerves
249
Which vessels will drain the dorsal or posterior nerve roots
posterior radicular veins
250
what vessel will drain the dorsal or posterior nerve root ganglion
posterior radicular veins
251
what veins will lie in the subarachnoid space
pial veins, venous Vasa Corona, anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins, communicating veins, anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins, anterior radicular veins, posterior radicular veins
252
what veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
253
what lumenal feature of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus vessels May function like valves of typical veins
trabeculae
254
what veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
255
what venous vessels are identified with the intervertebral foramen
intervertebral veins
256
what is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal
they like the bicuspid valve of typical veins
257
identify the meninges of the spinal cord
dura mater, arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
258
identify the meninges of the spinal cord and the commonly accepted meaning of each
dura mater - tough mother, arachnoid Mater - Spider mother, Pia Mater - tender or delicate mother
259
name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord
epidural space - between the vertebral foramen and the dura mater, subdural space - between the dura mater and the arachnoid Mater, subarachnoid space - between the arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater
260
what is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space
interstitial fluid
261
what are the neural contents of the epidural space
recurrent meningeal /sinuvertebral /sinus vertebral nerve
262
what ligaments are associated with the epidural space
posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, Hoffman /anterior Dural /meningovertebral ligaments
263
which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus, anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
264
which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body
recurrent meningeal or sign of vertebral or sinus vertebral nerve
265
which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body
posterior longitudinal ligament and Hoffman/ anterior dural / meningovertebral ligaments
266
which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus, posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
267
which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
recurrent meningeal and sinus vertebral nerve
268
which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
ligamentum flavum and Hofmann/ anterior dural ligaments
269
which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space not an actual space
subdural space comma between the dura mater and the arachnoid Mater
270
which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus, anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein, recurrent meningeal nerve, anterior Dural ligaments
271
which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus, posterior internal vertebral venous plexus, ligamentum flavum, recurrent meningioma nerve, anterior Dural ligament
272
what is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space
serous fluid
273
what is the name given to the fluid of the subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid
274
what ligaments may be present in the subarachnoid space
dentate ligament
275
what contents are the subarachnoid space are changed below the level C6
the arterial Vasa Corona consists of one anterior spinal artery, two posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
276
what is the name given to the lateral extension of Pia Mater along the spinal cord
dentate ligament
277
what is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal
they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
278
in horizontal view what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest
transverse
279
what are the spinal cord enlargement locations in the name given to each
C3 through T1 - the cervical enlargement, T9 through T12 - the lumbar enlargement
280
where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord
C6
281
in which plane will the diameter of the spinal cord decrease from C2 down to T1
midsagittal or anterior posterior plane
282
what spinal nerves originate from the lumbar enlargement
L1 through S3 spinal nerves
283
what is the generic cord level of the origin - vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlargement
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L-3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5 S1 cord levels in t11 vertebra; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
284
what is the caudal end of the spinal cord called
conus medullaris
285
what spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris
typically S4, S5, and Co 1
286
in which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed
L1
287
what is the name given to the nerve Roots below L1
cauda equina
288
what is the continuation of Pia Mater below the conus medullaris called
filum terminale internum
289
what is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column
typically S2, the Dural cul-de-sac
290
neural tissue has been identified and what part of the filum terminale
proximal part of the filum terminale internum
291
what is the fate of the neural tissue identified a long of the filum terminale internum
it joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
292
what does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate
lower Limbs and the external anal sphincter
293
the last arterial Vasa Corona creates what feature on angiogram
cruciate anastomosis
294
what is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2
filum terminale externum
295
what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges
coccygeal medullary vestige
296
what is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened
tethered cord syndrome
297
what is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome
it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord caused by a tethered cord
298
at the intervertebral foramen what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the cervical spine
in the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after. C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2 and C3
299
at the intervertebral foramen, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the thoracic and lumbar spine and the sacrum
in the thoracic and lumbar spine and for the sacrum, spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after. T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6 and t7
300
what is the relationship between rib number and vertebral numbers at the Costocentral joint
rib number always equates to same vertebral number at the costocentral joint, rib 3 articulates with T3 segment and also with the t2 segment only ribs 1, 11 and 12 typically join with a single segment
301
what is the relationship between spinal nerves, rib number, and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen
the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple, the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
302
what osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1
the anterior tubercle
303
what is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1
the fovea dentist
304
what attaches behind the anterior arch of C1
the lateral Mass
305
what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
306
what is identified in the midline at the back of the posterior arch of C1
the posterior tubercle
307
what Superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral Mass
groove or sulcus for the vertebral artery
308
what Superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
the arcuate rim
309
what attaches to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of Atlas into the superior articular process of the lateral mass of Atlas
a complete ponticulus posticus
310
based on the amount of bony Union between the superior articular process and the arcuate rim of C1 what structure will form
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
311
what names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus
arcuate foramen or retro articular canal
312
what is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1
the inferior vertebral notch
313
what is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1
the costal element
314
what is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1
the true transverse process
315
what is the distal most part of the transverse process of C1
the posterior tubercle
316
what unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2
the dens or odontoid process
317
what surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2
facet for fovea dentis, Groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical Dental ligament
318
which feature is identified on the anterior surface of the odontoid process of C2
facet for fovea dentis
319
what feature is identified on the posterior surface of the odontoid process of C2
Groove for transverse atlantal ligament
320
what feature is identified on the superolateral margins of the odontoid process of C2
attachment sites for the alar ligament
321
what feature is identified on the tip of the odontoid process of C2
attachment site for the apical Dental ligament
322
what feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2
the longus colli muscle attachment
323
what feature is identified on the anterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2
the anterior lip
324
what feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2
the posterior lip
325
what features are present at the lateral margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2
right and left lateral grooves
326
what feature is arise from the posterolateral margins of the vertebral body of C2
the pedicles
327
what lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2
the superior articular process
328
what is the location of the superior vertebral Notch of C2
on the lamina pedicle Junction
329
which feature is identified on the lower surface of the pedicle of C2
the inferior vertebral notch
330
what is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C2
the costal element
331
what is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C2
the true transverse process
332
what is the distal most part of the transverse process of C2
the posterior tubercle
333
What is the characteristic of parents of the C2 spinous process in humans
it is bifid
334
what are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
anterior Groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
335
what are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus, lateral lip
336
, what are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
337
what attaches to the posterolateral margin and in the center of a typical cervical vertebral body
the pedicle
338
what bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicle
the articular pillar
339
what is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar
the groove or sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
340
what bony feature is attached to the posterior part of the articular pillar
the lamina
341
what ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical
ligamentum flavum
342
ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature
para - articular processes
343
list in order the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
344
what is the name given to the superior margin of the cost of transverse bar
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
345
what is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process
the Carotid tubercle
346
what surfaces are present on the superior epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body of C7
anterior Groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
347
what is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of C7
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the typical cervical
348
what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
349
what are the features of the spinous process of C7
long, horizontal, non bifid
350
what is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from Superior View
somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins
351
what is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
352
what is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervical
353
what surfaces are present on the upper and lower margins of the T1 vertebral body
the right and left Superior costal facet and right and left inferior costal Demi facet
354
what is the direction of the transverse process at T1
the transverse process projects nearly straight out laterally
355
what is present on the transverse tubercle of T1
the transverse costal facet
356
what is the angulation of the spinous process of T1
the undersurface of the T1 spinous processes will be nearly horizontal
357
what features will allow discrimination between T2 through T4 and T5 through T8 segmental groups
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
358
on cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the t2 through T4 group
the vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides
359
on cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5 through T8 group
the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex
360
what is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5 through T8
the aortic impression
361
what part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5 through T8
the left side Superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
362
what synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
the right and left Superior and the right and left inferior costal demifacets
363
what is the appearance and position of the lamina in a typical thoracic
the lamina is short, Broad and thick and lies next to the spinous process
364
what is present at the tip of the transverse process of a typical thoracic
the transverse tubercle
365
what is the distance between the transverse tubercles and the typical thoracic region
from T to each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
366
what is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic
the transverse costal facet
367
how did the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the t2 through T4 region
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
368
how did the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5 through T8
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
369
what name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics
the pars interarticularis
370
what is the pars interarticularis
the region between the superior and inferior articular processes
371
what part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis
the transverse process
372
what part of the vertebra arises medially from the pars interarticularis
the lamina
373
what is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic
they slant backward and downward
374
what is the angulation of the spinous process of T2 through T4
the undersurface of T2 through T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane
375
what is the angulation of the spinous process of T5 through T8
the undersurface of T5 through T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
376
which vertebrae will have a spinous process emulation of up to 40 degrees
T2 through T4
377
which vertebra will have a spinous process angulation up to 60 degrees
T5 through T8
378
what synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9
right and left Superior costal demifacets, right and left inferior costal demifacets
379
which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9
inferior costal demifacets
380
what is present on the transverse tubercle of T9
the transverse costal facet
381
what is the orientation of the spinous process of T9
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
382
what synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10
the right and left Superior costal facet
383
which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10
inferior costal demifacet
384
what is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T10
the particle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly
385
what feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10
para - articular processes
386
what part of the transverse process may be absent on T10
the transverse costal facet
387
what is the orientation of a spinous process of T10
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
388
what synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of t11
the right and left Superior costal facet
389
which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T 11
inferior costal demifacet
390
what part of the transverse process is absent on t11
the transverse costal facet
391
what is the position of the spinous process of t11
posterior and horizontal along the undersurface
392
what synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T12
the right and left Superior costal facet
393
which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T12
inferior costal demifacet
394
what is present of a transverse process region of T12
3 tubercles of variable size
395
which typical on T12 represents the transverse process
the lateral tubercle
396
which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars
the superior tubercle
397
which typical on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars
the inferior tubercle
398
what joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12
the transverse costal facet
399
what is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12
they are slightly convex
400
what is the orientation of the spinous process of T12
posterior and horizontal
401
what is a generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial View
Reniform or kidney-shaped
402
what is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process
accessory process
403
what is the name of the lamina pedicle Junction of a typical lumbar vertebra
pars interarticularis
404
what is characteristic of the L1 through Alpha articular processes
the transverse diameter Superior articular processes of an L1 through out for Segment will be greater than the transverse diameter of the inferior articular processes of that same segment
405
what is the name given to the projection on lumbar Superior articular processes
mammillary process
406
what characteristic of the L1 throughout for pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment be specific and complete as the differences on the segment from each group
on cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is a parent on the AL one through L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina pedicle region
407
what is the generic Direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process
it is directed straight lateral and is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes
408
what is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum
five segments
409
what forms the median sacral crest
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
410
what forms the intermediate sacral crest
fused articular processes and their facets
411
what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
412
what does the sacral cornu represent
the inferior articular process and facet of S5
413
what is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal
the sacral hiatus
414
what forms the lateral sacral crest
the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5
415
what is the sacral tuberosity
the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
416
what feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5
the inferior and lateral sacral angle
417
from the anterior view of the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature
transverse ridges
418
what feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1 through S3
auricular surface
419
what feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form
the sacral promontory
420
what is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from the s-1 vertebral body looking from the base View
sacral ala
421
what forms the sacral ala
the costal element and true transverse process
422
what is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx
four segments
423
what bony features are present on the coccyx
all segments are represented by a vertebral body. In addition Co one has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process
424
what is the homologue of the superior articular process and facet in co1
coccygeal Cornu
425
what feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni
jugular notch
426
what is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni
clavicular notch
427
what names are given to the articular sites for the joint with the first and second rib
costal Notch one for the first rib costal cartilage, costal Notch two for the second rib costal cartilage
428
how many sternabrae for the Corpus Sterni
4 sternabrae
429
what surface feature on the Corpus store and I identifies the location of the old synchondroses
transverse lines
430
what articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the Corpus Sterni
costal notches two through seven
431
what are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib
the head, neck, and tubercle
432
what names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of a typical rib based on location
Superior articular surface or facet and inferior articular surface or facet
433
what feature of the head of a rib separates the superior from inferior articular surface or facet
the inter articular crest
434
what features may be identified on the neck of a typical rib
the crest of the rib
435
which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib
the articular surface of the tubercle
436
which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib
the non articular surface of the tubercle
437
what features may be identified on the body of a typical rib
the costal angle and costal Groove
438
what is present on the head of the first rib
a single articular surface
439
is there a Crest on the neck of the first rib
not a well-developed one like on the typical rib
440
which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the vertebral end
the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve
441
which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the sternal end
the groove for the subclavian vein
442
is either the costal angle or costal Groove apparent on the first rib
no
443
what features may be identified on the head of rib two
to articular surfaces and the inter articular crest
444
what feature may be identified on the neck of rib two
the crest of the rib
445
what features may be identified on the body of rib two
the tuberosity for the serratus anterior, the costal angle, and the costal Groove
446
what distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs
the single articular surface, absence of a well-developed Crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present consists only of a non articular surface
447
what features may be present on the body of the 11th rib
the costal angle and costal Groove are underdeveloped
448
what helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the 12 rib from other ribs
the head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is probably developed, the tubercle is absent
449
what is the condition of the body of rib 12
it is the shortest of all ribs and the costal angle and costal Groove are
450
what is the term used to identify the study of joints
arthrology
451
what term is used to identify the study of ligaments
syndesmology
452
what are the three histological classifications of joints
fibrous, cartilaginou, and synovial fluid
453
what were the three Latin classifications of joints based on movement potential
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
454
what are the characteristics of the amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
they are primarily cartilage joints, temporary and Longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
455
which classification of cartilage joint is secondary, permanent, composed of fibrous cartilage, and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification
amphiarthrosis symphysis
456
what are the four consistent features of synovial joints
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid
457
what examples of synovial plane joints occur along the vertebral column
most of zygapophyses of the vertebral column
458
what is an example of synovial pivot joints along the vertebral column
median atlantoaxial joint
459
what is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints
an osseous pivot point and an Osteo ligamentous ring
460
what example of synovial saddle joint is identified along the spine
The Joint of luschka of typical cervical is a modified Sellar joint
461
what example of the Darth roses condylar joint is identified along the spine
the Atlanta occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis condylar joint
462
what example of the diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint is identified along the spine
the Atlanta occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrotic ellipsoidal joint
463
which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
