Final Exam Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
what is the name given to segments that lie in the transition zones of the vertebral column
A
transition vertebrae
2
Q
what are the transiting zones of the vertebral column
A
occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, sacrococcygeal
3
Q
how are the specific segments within a transition zone identified
A
by adjacent region of the segment, process of transition, and specific segment (occipitalization of C1)
4
Q
what does the suffix “ization” mean
A
in the process of becoming like
5
Q
what are the possible transition zone - segment combinations
A
cervicalization of occiput, occipital ization of C1, dorsal ization of C7, cervical ization of T1, lumbar ization of T12, dorsal ization of L1, sacral ization of of L5, lumbar ization of S1, coccygealization of S5, Sacral ization of Co1
6
Q
what are the characteristics of cervical ization of occiput
A
in increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on the occipital bone.
7
Q
What are the characteristics of occipital ization of C1
A
the atlas may be partially or completely fused to occiput
8
Q
what is another way of implying occipital ization of C1
A
atlas assimilation
9
Q
what is the incidence of occipital ization of C1
A
0.1% to 0.8%
10
Q
when do the centers of ossification for the odontoid process appear first
A
during the last trimester in utero
11
Q
when do the bilateral ossification centers for the odontoid process fuse
A
at or shortly after birth
12
Q
what joint forms between the odontoid process ossification centers and the Centrum of C2
A
the subdental synchondrosis
13
Q
what joint classification is present between the C2 odontoid process and Centrum
A
anphiarthrosis synchondrosis
14
Q
ossification between the odontoid process and Centrum joint of C2 first appear at what age
A
4 years old
15
Q
a joint between the odontoid process and Centrum joint of C2 is lady identified at what age
A
7 years old
16
Q
what is the name given to the condition in which the joint firmed between the odontoid process Ann’s the Centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7
A
os odontoideum
17
Q
what is the name given to the joint between Tyne odontoid process and the Centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7
A
persistent subdental synchondrosis
18
Q
what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid produces centers of ossification
A
anphiarthrosis synchondrosis
19
Q
at what age will the tip of the devs center if ossification appear
A
sometime in early adolescence
20
Q
based on the age of appearance, how is the top of the dens center of ossification classified
A
secondary center of ossification
21
Q
at what age will the tip of the dens fuse with the odontoid process
A
before age 12
22
Q
if the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid prices centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called
A
terminal ossicle
23
Q
what is the basilar impression
A
Persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar part of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain
24
Q
what is the basilar invagination
A
the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis
25
What is the characteristic of dorsal ization of C7
the addition of a rib and changes in Superior articular for set orientation or typical
26
what is the incidence of rib related changes following dorsal isation of C7
from one half to two and one half per cent of the population
27
two patients typically present with symptoms of specific for dorsal ization of C7
no they are typically asymptomatic
28
what is the gender bias suggested for dorsal isation of C7
female
29
what alteration of c7 facet Orientation May accompany dorsal ization
the superior articular facet of C7 may change from back aboard and medial to that of a typical thoracic facet back upward and lateral. The inferior articular facet is unchanged
30
what alteration of C6 facet Orientation May accompany dorsal ization
C6 demonstrates a change in inferior articular facet orientation from forward lateral and downward to forward medial and downward. The superior articular facet unchanged
31
what percent of the population made demonstrate thoracic like features at C7
up to 46%
32
what rib related changes May accompany cervical isation of T1
the first rib May decrease in mean relative length or become absent
33
what will result from Fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process
the transverse foramen
34
what T1 facet orientation changes May accompany cervical ization
the superior articular facet may change from back upward and lateral to back up word and medial. The inferior articular facet is unchanged
35
what C7 facet orientation changes May accompany cervical ization
the inferior articular facet may change from forward medial and downward to forward lateral and downward. The superior articular facet is unchanged
36
what is the incidence of cervical dilation of T1 in the population
up to 28%
37
what rib related changes May accompany dorsal ization of L1
elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear
38
what is the incidence of Lumbar ribs in the population
over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs
39
what L1 facet orientation changes May Company dorsal ization
the superior articular facet may change from concave back upward and medial to flat back aboard and lateral. The inferior articular facet is unchanged
40
what T12 facet orientation changes May accompany dorsal ization
the inferior articular facet may change from convex forward lateral and downward two-flat forward medial and downward. The superior articular facet is unchanged
41
what is the gender bias associated with dorsal ization of L1
males are two to three times more affected
42
what rib related changes May accompany lumbarization of T12
a significant shortening of the mean relative length of 113 mm of the 12th rib or it becomes absent
43
what T12 facet orientation changes May accompany lumbarization
the superior articular facet may change from Flat backward upward and lateral to concave back upward and medial. The inferior articular facet is unchanged
44
what T 11 facette orientation changes May accompany lumbarization
the inferior articular facet may change from Flat forward medial and downward to convex forward lateral and downward. The superior articular facet is unchanged
45
what is characteristic of lumbarization of S1
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2 squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
46
what unique characteristics of lumbarization of S1 we're stressed in class
squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
47
what is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2
the segments do not completely fused together
48
what articular facet changes accompany lumbarization of S1
none
49
what is characteristic of sacralisation of L5
L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum
50
what is the incidence of sacralisation of L5 in the population
41% - 85%
51
which segment demonstrate the greatest morphological variation along the spine
L5
52
what articular facet changes accompanied sacralisation of L5
none
53
what is the incidence of variation within the sacral coccygeal region in the population
up to 14%
54
what is characteristic of sacralisation of co1
the premature Fusion of co1 to the sacrum
55
what is characteristic of coccygeal ization of S5
the separation of S5 from sacrum and it's premature Fusion to co1
56
which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of the true back
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
57
which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of the true back
rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
58
which muscles attach into transverse processes represent layer two of the true back
levator scapulae
59
the trapezius is innervated by what nerve
the spinal accessory nerve
60
what forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius
C1 through C5 chord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve
61
the latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve
the thoracodorsal nerve
62
what forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi
ventral ramus from C6 through C8
63
which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve
levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
64
what forms the dorsal scapular nerve
the ventral ramus of C5
65
what part of the vertebra forms the Aussies origin for the splenius muscles
the spinous process
66
splenius capitis will attach to what locations on a skull
mastoid process of temporal bone, Superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
67
contraction of splenius capitis will result in what movements
lateral flexion of head, rotation of face to the side. bilaterally they extend the head
68
what is the elevation of the splenius capitis
dorsal ramus of middle cervical spinal nerves. C3 through C5 cord levels
69
splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine
lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse processes on C1 through C4
70
what is the innervation of the splenius cervicis
dorsal ramus of lower cervical spinal nerves. C5 through C7 cord levels
71
which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back
the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles
72
which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles
iliocostalis, longussimus, spinalis
73
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the iliocostalis lumborum
spinous processes of t11 through T12, L1 through L5, median sacral Crest, lateral sacral crest
74
what is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum
costal angles of a lower 6 through 9 ribs. Ribs 6 through 12 or rib 3 through 12
75
what is the Innovation for the iliocostalis lumborum
dorsal ramus of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
76
what osseous part of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the iliocostalis lumborum Parrs lumborum
spinous processes of L1 through L5
77
what is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
iliac crest of the innominate bone
78
which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reverse origin insertion
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
79
what is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis
costal angles of the lower 6 - 7 ribs
80
what is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis
costal angles of the upper 6 to 7 ribs, transverse process of C7
81
what else is part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis
transverse process of C7
82
which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs
iliocostalis thoracis
83
what is the innovation of the iliocostalis thoracis
dorsal rami of upper 6th thoracic spinal nerves. T1 through T6 cord levels
84
what is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis
costal angles of the upper 3 - 6 ribs. Ribs 1 through 3 or ribs 1 through 6
85
what is the insertion for the iliocostalis services
posterior tubercle of transverse process of C3 C4 through 6
86
what is the innovation of the iliocostalis services
dorsal Rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve
87
what muscles are classically identified as longissimus muscles
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis
88
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the longissimus thoracis
accessory process and transverse processes of L1 through L5, spinous processes of L3 through L5 and median sacral Crest S1 thru S3
89
what is the insertion for the longest simis thoracis
transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments between tubercle and costal angle of the lower 9 to 10 ribs
90
which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process
longissimus thoracis
91
what is the innervation of the LT
dorsal Rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
92
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the LT pars lumborum
accessory process and medial part of the transverse process of L1 through L5
93
what is the insertion for the LT pars lumborum
posterior superior iliac spine of the innominate bone
94
what osseous part of the vertebral column sites serve as An Origin to the LT pars thoracis
spinous processes of L3 through L5 and median sacral Crest S1 thru S 3
95
what is the insertion for the LT pars thoracis
transverse process of all thoracics, between tubercle and costal angle of all ribs
96
which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin and insertion
LT pars lumborum
97
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis
posterior tubercle of transverse processes of C2 through C6 or C7, articular processes from C2 through C 6 or 7
98
what is the innervation of the LC
dorsal Rami of C4 through C8 and T1 through T12 spinal nerves
99
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the El Cap
transverse tubercle of T1 through T5 and articular processes of C4 through C7
100
what is the insertion for the El Cap
mastoid process of temporal bone
101
what is the innervation of the El Cap
dorsal ramus C1 through C 3 or C4 spinal nerves
102
which erector spinae muscles attached to cervical articular processes
L C & L cap
103
what muscles are classically identified as spinalis muscles
spinalis thoracis, spinalis services spinalis capitis
104
what else is parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the spinalis thoracis
spinous processes of t11 and T12 through L1 and L2
105
what is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis
spinous process of T1 through T4 or as low as T8
106
what is the innovation of the spinalis thoracis
dorsal Rami all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves
107
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the spinalis services
spinous process of C7 and T1 through T6
108
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as and insertion for the spinalis services
spinous processes from C2 through C4
109
what is the innervation of the spinalis services
dorsal ramus of all cervical spinal nerves
110
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the spinalis capitis
spinous process of C7 and T1 through T6 or t7
111
what is the innervation of the spinalis capitis
dorsal ramus of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves
112
which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles
semispinalis, multifidus and rotators
113
how many vertebrae can it be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles
as many as nine vertebrae
114
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the semispinalis thoracis
transverse tubercles of T6 through T10 or as low as T12
115
what segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis
T12
116
what is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis
spinous processes of C6 through C7 and T1 through T4
117
contraction of semispinalis thoracis will result in what movements
extension, lateral flexion and rotation of upper thoracic and lower cervical spine. Bilaterally they act to extend the thoracic spine
118
what is the innervation of the semi spinalis thoracis
dorsal ramus I of T1 through T6 spinal nerves
119
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the semispinalis cervicis
transverse tubercles of T1 through T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4 through C7
120
what is the insertion for the semispinalis services
spinous processes of C2 through C5
121
what is the innervation of the semispinalis services
dorsal ramus of C6 through C8 spinal nerves
122
what is the insertion for the semispinalis capitis
below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
123
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the semispinalis capitis
transverse tubercles of C7, T1 through T6 or t7 and articular processes of C4 through C6
124
what is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis
dorsal ramus of c one through C6 spinal nerves
125
the semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis May fused to form what muscle
biventer cervicis
126
what Regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidus muscles
lumbar multifidus, thoracic multifidus and cervical multifidus
127
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the classic multifidus
articular process of C4 through C7, transverse processes of T1- T12, mammillary processes of L1 -L5 and the dorsal surface of S1 through S4 or S5
128
what is the insertion for the classic multifidus
spinous process 3 - 5 segments above the origin
129
which transversal spinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine
multifidis
130
contraction of the classic multifidus will result in what movements of the vertebral column
lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar Lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
131
what is the innervation of the classic multifidus
dorsal ramus of C3 through C8, T1 through T12, L1 through L5 and S1 spinal nerves
132
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the multifidus services
articular process of C4 through C7
133
what is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidus
spinous process of C2
134
contraction of multifidus services will result in what movements
Alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution, determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain, and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck
135
which subdivision of multifidus May demonstrate a reversal of origin and insertion
multifidus lumborum
136
contraction of multifidus lumborum will result in what movements
lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of Lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
137
which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin and insertion combination
iliocostalis lumborum Parrs Lumber Orem, LT pars lumborum multifidus lumborum
138
Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine
the thoracic region
139
what will replace muscles spending one or two segmental levels in the cervical and lumbar spine
deep layers of the multifidus
140
contraction of Rotator longus will result in what movements
rotation of the segment of insertion. Bilaterally acts to Weakley extend spine
141
what innervates the rotators
dorsal ramus at the level of insertion are believed to do so
142
what muscles are included in the suboccipital muscle group
rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior and obliquus capitis Superior
143
which suboccipital muscles relax and attachment to the skull
obliquus capitis inferior
144
which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles
the dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve
145
what is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major
the spinous tubercle of C2
146
what is the insertion of the rectus capitis posterior minor
inferior nuchal line laterally
147
contraction of rectus capitis posterior major will result in what movements
turns the face to the side. bilaterally acts to extend the head
148
what is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor
the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
149
contraction of rectus capitis posterior minor will result in what movement
extends the head
150
what is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior
C2 spinous process and lamina
151
what is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior
transverse process of C1
152
contraction of oblivious capitis inferior will result in what movement
turns the face to the side
153
what is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior
the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1
154
what is the insertion of the obliquus capitis Superior
between Superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line
155
contraction of obliquus capitis superior will result in whatmovements
lateral flexion/lateral bending of the head, bilaterally asked to extend the head
156
an increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle
obliquus capitis inferior
157
suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain
extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei
158
what is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular Center
coordination of head and eye position
159
what is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group
postural stabilizers of the Atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints
160
which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater
rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor and obliquus capitis inferior
161
inter spinalis is paired in which regions of the spine
cervical and Lumbar regions
162
at what locations will inter spinalis be absent along the spine
T3 / T4 down to T10 / T 11
163
contraction of Interest been Alice is traditionally said to result in what movement
weak approximation of the spinous processes or extension of the spine
164
based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the inter spinalis
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
165
intertransversarii are paired in which regions of thespine
cervical and Lumbar regions
166
in which region of the spine are intertransversarii best developed
cervical region
167
which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal Rami of cervical spinal nerves
posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii
168
what are the names of the parts of the intertransversarii in the lumbar spine
medial belly, anterior lateral belly, posterior lateral belly
169
what is the origin of the medial Belly of the lumbar intertransversarii
accessory process of transverse process L1 to L4, mammillary process of superior articular process L1 to L4
170
which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal ramus of lumbar spinal nerves
medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii
171
which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by ventral ramus of lumbar spinal nerves
anterior lateral belly and posterior lateral belly, lumbar intertransversarii
172
which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal ramus and ventral Rami of spinal nerves
intertransversarii
173
based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspan Alice to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
174
what is the origin of the longest coli
vertebral bodies of C5 to C7, T1 to T3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3 to C5
175
what is the insertion of the longest colli
anterior tubercle of the anterior Arch C1, vertebral bodies of C2 to C4, anterior tubercles of transverse processes C5 to C6
176
what will innervate the longest coli
ventral ramus of C2 - C6 or C7 spinal nerves
